Nationalism Essay †Nationalism Forms & Theories â€

Define patriotism patriotism Forms and Theories our site1. IntroductionWhat is Nationalism and how do you fix NationalismThis taste give discuss explanations and cast of characterss of patriotism in an attempt to define patriotism phenomenon. The first section will focus on presenting contemporary and historical explanations. Secondly, a brief account of the g overnment issue of patriotism and debates over its origins will be presented. The subsequent section will head practical and supposititious forms of nationalism and contend for the fact that distinct expositions derive from different theories and forms of nationalism.Define NationalismTo provide a deeper analysis, forms of nationalism and their definitions will be connected with theories of nationalism. Based on these sections, this essay will argue that cod to various ramifications of the concept of nationalism, this public opinion exists in various forms accompanied by a variety of definitions, distri furtherively serving similar and distinct purposes. Fin everyy, concluding remarks will be drawn establish on the evidence presented throughout this essay.2. Define NationalismTo initiate an analysis of definitions and forms of nationalism, this essay will focus on four main definitions (Smith, 2016 Anderson, 2006, Gellner, 1969 and Khon, 1965).When referring to nation and nationality Smith (2013 7) defines nationalism based on three generic goals which fox emerged from the academic study of this political orientation, namely national unity, national autonomy and national identity. In this framework, nationalism is delimit as an ideologic movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy of unity and identity for a population which some of its members restrain to constitute an actual or potential nation. However, for Anderson (2006 211), nations argon merely imagined communities as members of these communities will rarely know each other, and thus they will draw upon the conce pt of nationality from their own imagined population to which they belong to.This paper emerged from earlier concepts dilate by Gellner (1969) who argued that nationalism is nothing more than the process of imagining nations. A similar definition that focuses on the idea that nationalism is internally felt by the individual was developed by Khon (1965 9) leaning that Nationalism is a bow of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the nation- solid primer coat.Similar to Smith (2013), Coakley (2012) argues that many of the current definitions on nationalism overlap with each other and besides with definitions of other fantasys, such as the concept of state. The state has been defined as a compulsory policy-making organisation operating on a continuous basis (Weber, 1968) while a nation has been defied as a gentlemans gentleman population sharing a common territory and culture (Smith, 1991). Each of these ground faeces be encountered in def initions of nationalism which, gibe to Coakley (2012)see this concept as a form of political mobilisation or an ideology that justifies this mobilisation and diminishes the barriers between nation and state.As it slew be sight from the above, in some areas these explanations converge while in other areas these notions seem to be divergent. Smith (2013) looks at nationalism as being a concept that describes self-governing capacity while Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) see this notion as the process of imagining communities. Similar to Smith (2013), Khon (1965) sees nationalism as connected with the notion of state.It can thusly be argued that nationalism is understood differently by these theoreticians. Finally, it can be observed that notions of self- brass and nationalism seen as an imagined form of identity expression have been maintained from the 19th century (Khon, 1965 Gellner, 1969) to the 21st (Smith, 2013). Thus, the interest sections will attempt to uncover the rea sons behind these differences.Define Nationalism To modify or extend this essay or to prevail pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today3. Nationalism Forms and TheoriesTo crack understand why a unified definition of nationalism is not ceremonious, it is important to look at the epicentre from which nationalism arises. Consequently, a historical analysis of the concept and its subsequent forms, corroborated by theories of nationalism, will be attempted in order to understand this notion. The following section will thus discuss these themes.3.1. The consequence of NationalismAlthough the word nationalism only emerged in political language after 1840, its importance grew significantly in the 19th century with revolutions across Europe (Hirschi, 2011). In this period, the roughly significant event involving nationalism occurred in 1914, when a fear of Slav nationalism led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the First World fight (Breuilly, 2 013).After the war, the Versailles Treaty made reference to notions of nation states, which became the primary concept used by US President Woodrow Wilson when instituting the doctrine of national self-determination (Breuilly, 2013). This action subsequently gave rise to substantial claims of nationalism just about the world (Hirschi, 2011).Dahbour (2003) contradicts this, arguing that national self-determination was a response to the colonisation of states which eventually demanded national liberation. Furthermore, self-determination not only gives rise to nationalism except also to ethical and legal citizenship and with it, the ability of a nation to self-govern. As a result, Dahbour (2003) argues that nationalism is a specific claim made for self-determination.Both ideas flesh out by Dahbour (2003) and Breuilly, (2013) are noticeable in the definitions provided by Smith (2013) and Khon (1965). It can and so be argued that the notion of self-governance and self-determination are connected with the branch of nationalism and subsequently to its definition.Another opposing view comes from Andersen (2006) who emphasises language, specifically the shared language of a nation. According to this author, nationalism could not have spread and matured without community being able to read about this notion and debate this notion in writing (Andersen 2006). As a result, a pagan element language- aided in the spread and maturation of nationalism (Andersen, 2006). Nevertheless, this billet does not concern itself with the emergence of nationalism but rather examines its consolidation. However, it emphasises the importance of culture in the definition of nationalism which spirals from a collective mind. This can thus support ideas of Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) of imagined communities as shared language is an acquired cognitive function and thus it is a part of the collective mind.Define Nationalism To modify or extend this essay or to get full referenc es Contact Us Today3.2. Forms of NationalismNationalism can be manifested as a state ideology or as a non-state popular movement. These manifestations give rise to five forms of nationalism (ethnical, religious, civic, cultural or ideological) which are used to classify sub-types of nationalism (Chatturvedi, 2005). There are over 10 sub-types of nationalism (Snyder, 2009), some of which seek unity and self-governance for people of certain ethic groups while others seek expansion and sparing growth for nations against the global community (Chatturvedi, 2005). Other forms of nationalism have been criticised for hiding racism (i.e. al-right nationalism favouring whitened supremacy) (Snyder, 2009) while other forms of nationalism seek to bring cordial unity and equating regardless of ethnicity (i.e. left nationalism) (Maxwell and Maxwell, 2014).Ethnic NationalismFor ethnic nationalism and derivate sub-types, nationalism functions on the principle that a nation can only be defined by its ethnic connection which encompasses shared language, culture, heritage and ancestry. Because of this characteristic, Roshwald (2001) describes this form of nationalism as strict and descriptive of authoritarian regimes. Studies (Gil-White, 2006 Sulaiman, 2016) looking into this concept have concluded that similar to nationalism in general, ethnic nationalism is composed of a series of terms that have distinctive definitions, including ethnicity, nation and state. When looking at manifestations of ethic nationalism in the world, research (Sulaiman, 2016) seems to describe similar lines with surmise (Roshwald, 2001). This demonstrates thatethnic nationalism leads to conflict, especially in ethnic diverse locations (i.e. Niger Delta) (Sulaiman, 2016).Religious NationalismReligious nationalism denotes a form of nationalism which relies upon a central religion or dogma that has implications in politics and state affairs (Omer and Springs, 2013). This notion contrasts potent ly with unexampled forms of nationalism and has been set forth as an irrational form of nationalism (Omer and Springs, 2013 80). Several real world examples include non-secular states, such as Iran, Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan, where the religious law (Sharia Law or the Muslim Law) is the ultimate law of the state (Kavalski, 2016). As ethnic nationalism, religious nationalism shows little to no tolerance for other religious beliefs (Kavalski, 2016), provided it does not focus on ethnic unity, but rather on religious unity by repelling any opposing views.Civic NationalismAt the other end of the spectrum, civic nationalism (also referred to as progressive nationalism) advocates for social unity, individual rights and freedoms. This form of nationalism is centred on the idea of a non-xenophobic society, which shows tolerance for all its individuals and strives to provide equality and social justice (Hall, 1998). A practical example of this can be found in Singapore, where the govern ments strategy for cultivation derived directly form civic nationalism and globalisation (Brown, 2000).Empirical evidence (Kwan, 2016 Modongal, 2016) shows that while civic nationalism is the driving force of globalisation, it also leads to a dilution of intrinsic values in exceedingly customal societies (i.e. China). However, civic nationalism, as nationalism, has different forms of interpretation. Focusing on a definition provided by Habermas (1996), Shen (2007 17) argues that civic nationalism is a voluntary selection of allegiance based on values. If secern the two definitions, it can be observed that civic nationalism is defined from a societal-national perspective (Hall, 1998) but also from a global, international perspective (Shen, 2007). Here, nations would accept cooperation with other nations to whom they share similar values. In practice, this rarely occurs (i.e. China and US economic trade), and countries with distinctive cultures will end up in cooperation for econo mic development hence the potential for culture dilution (Modongal, 2016).Thus, civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism have a converge point, namely the element of shared culture. The cultural form of nationalism thus defines a middle ground between civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism (Fedorenko, 2012 Song, 2009). Hutchinson (1987) argues with historical examples from Arab, Jewish and Hindu nations that cultural nationalism plays a significant part in the building of nations, as it is a shared belief, value and tradition alongside with ethnic heritage which can lead to the consolidation of states.Ideological NationalismFinally, ideological nationalism is a form of political nationalism which argues for the capacity of nations to self-govern (Smith, 2013). This notion can also be seen Dahbours (2003) idea of self-determination as well as in the definition of nationalism provided by Smith (2013). Looking at the history of nationalism two main conclusions can be drawn. The fir st refers to the fact that nationalism is highly connected with the concept of national identity and claims made for self-governance. Thus it whitethorn be argued that early forms of nationalism were ideological in nature and focused on notions of territory, population and self-government. This seems to justify Coakleys (2012) ideas, according to which definitions of nationalism overlap definitions of state, nations and ethnicity. Secondly, because nationalism comes in various forms and subsequent types, a unified definition of nationalism is most likely unachievable. As a result, different forms of nationalism will automatically lead to the conclusion that each form defines a different concept, which although similar in some respects, will also be actually distinctive in others.Because the progression of nationalism gave rise to different definitions and forms of nationalism, to better understand their nature, theories on nationalism need to be approached in a structured way (REFE RENCE). The next section will therefore look at different theories of nationalism and attempt to set different forms and definitions of nationalism within these theoretical boundaries.3.3. Four Theories of NationalismAccording to Llobera (1999) four main theories dominate the notion of nationalism. These are primordial and socio-biological theories, instrumentalist theories, modernisation theories and evolutionary theories. Primordialists such as Herder and Fichte and more recently Smith and Connor, see nationalism as something which was of all time present in people but had been reawakened under political self-consciousness (Brown, 2003). Geertz (1973) argues for the concept of given identity, as an individual who is born within a group will receive its identity.Consequently, ethnic boundaries are established which are represented by the individuals shared experience with family members and the group (Tishkov, 1997). Socio-biologists claims derived from this theory argue that heri tage and implicitly ethnicity is passed on genetically (Llobera, 1999). These theories frame the notions of ethnic nationalism and cultural nationalism. Ozkirimli (2017) argues that these two forms of nationalism have their roots in primordial theory.Hutchinson and Smith (1994) have analysed primordialism in depth and argue that human social interaction will take place based on three elements kin selection, reciprocality and coercion. From this notion, the authors hypothesise that ethnic groups are in fact super-families. Therefore, members of these super-families will be biologically inclined towards cooperation and reciprocity with their own kin while also resorting to some forms of coercion (Hutchinson and Smith, 1994). Conclusively, it can be argued that notions of belonging and indirectly excluding others, encountered in definitions of nationalism derive from these theories.Instrumentalist theories diverge from primordial theories by arguing that ethnic groups can be seen as nations and their boundaries are not fixed, but in fact these can vary according to specific needs (i.e. economic development) (Llobera, 1999). A representative figure in this domain is Barth (1969) who supported this theory by arguing that ethnicity is not a reference to biological or cultural heritage but more a form of social organisation. In Barths (1969) assertion, boundaries serve a specific purpose, any biological, ecological, economic, political and/or historical. Transposed, this idea can be encountered in the notion of religious nationalism (Sandler, 2004) where Islamic cultures maintain boundaries for political interest but individuals become a part of their nation when converting to Islam.Modernisation theories strongly oppose primordialism by arguing that nationalism emerged as the result of modern processes, such as industrialisation, favorable political, cultural and socio-economic conditions (Llobera, 1999). Hence, theoreticians who support this claim such as Koh n, Kedourie and Gellne, see nationalism as a modern invention (Hall, 1998). According to Hall (1998) this idea can be seen in notions of civic nationalism and ideological nationalism. Although these three theories show substantial contrasts, the fourth theory of nationalism, namely the Evolutionary theory attempts to bring unneurotic the notion of modern and primordial (to some extent).As a result, evolutionary theories argue that indeed, nationalism is a product of modern times however in Europe, this concept evolved from the ideas of Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) of imagined communities corroborated by a form of superpatriotic nationalism which was present since the medieval period (Llobera, 1999). However, as Smith (1981) observed, in order to pinpoint the emergence of nationalism, an analysis of the transference from medieval to modern needs to be conducted. In order to accomplish this, all societal elements must be considered, including economic, social, political and id eological (Smith, 1981).By assessing the aforementioned theories of nationalism, several elements can be noted. Firstly, the evolutionary theories focus on the emergence of nationalism in Europe, which thus implies that this theory cannot be employ for explaining how nationalism emerged elsewhere (i.e. Hutchinson (1987) on the emergence of nationalism in Hindu nations).However, evolutionary theories can be used to explain the formation of definitions that rely on state and nation. Secondly, primordial, instrumentalist and modern theories of nationalism can be used as frameworks to explain the differences between forms of nationalism and subsequently between definitions of this phenomenon. Another thoughtfulness that can be made in this case is that nationalism cannot be understood as operation from a pure ideological, ethnic, dogmatic or religious form.Define Nationalism To modify or extend this essay, let us know and we will write your essay Contact Us TodayAs it was discussed, its emergence and consolidation was favoured by specific politic, economic, social and cultural circumstances, while at the like time its development was favoured by the same notions (Smith, 1981). An exemplification of this can be seen in civic nationalism which serves the purpose of developing social comprehension and globalisation (Brown, 2000) while religious nationalism can be seen as a political instrument(Omer and Springs, 2013). Considering the treble ramifications of this phenomenon, the existence of various forms and definitions of nationalism becomes explainable.4. ConclusionThis essay discussed various definitions and forms of nationalism and argued that a unified definition of nationalism is not likely achievable due to the existence of various forms of this notion. In the first section of this essay, by focusing on four definitions of nationalism issued by Smith (2013), Anderson (2006), Gellner (1969) and Khon (1965) it was observed that these theoreticians have different perceptions over the notion of nationalism.As a result, the emergence of nationalism and its forms was assessed in an attempt to explain these differences. By analysing the emergence of nationalism and its various forms it was noted that each form of nationalism derived its own definition. Furthermore, it was observed that definitions of nationalism are connected with its emergence.Hence the existence of various forms of nationalism cannot be used alone to explain its distinctive definition. To do so, understanding where and how this phenomenon emerged is also important. To provide a structured framework for the various forms and definitions of nationalism, theories of this concept were unite with the identified forms of nationalism and linked with the studied definitions of nationalism.Here, it was observed that definitions of the broad concepts of nationalism fit within the elaborated theories while forms of nationalism also fall within this framework. By assessing curre nt notions of nationalism it can be concluded that the exact emergence of nationalism cannot be pin-pointed however primordial theories (Geertz, 1973) argue that this concept may have innate characteristics, thus it was always present in humans.Secondly, by observing the various forms of nationalism it can be concluded that this concept may have begun as a simple ideology from medieval times however it evolved to serve various purposes resulting in the variety of definitions and forms. Thus, a single definition of nationalism is unlikely to be developed (Hall, 1998).Define Nationalism To modify or extend this or get full references Contact Us TodayNeed help with Best AP Books Selection Take a look at http//www.StudyAPExam.comSummaryArticle Name Define Nationalism Essay our site 3000 Words Description From the definition of nationalism to emergence of nationalism, practical & theoretical forms & conclusion, everything is covered in this 3500 word Nationalism Essay. 1000s of happy students reference Silvia our site Publisher Name our site Publisher Logo