Death of a Salesman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Death of a Salesman - Research Paper Example Out of the many themes like nostalgia ,opportunity, madness, gender differences, growth, capitalism and hazards of modernity, the most interesting and important one is ‘capitalism’ which leads to unprecedented consumerism and the growth of an infectious thought that money is important than everything else in life. Willy Lowman, the hero of the play is a victim of ruthless capitalism. His end is tragic and he is the representative of millions of helpless people who are thrown out by a system whom they have served for a lifetime. In the beginning of the play we see him as an exhausted man of 60 years, who has been fired out of his company for making no profit. This event itself points to the corporate world which gives no place for sentiments or personal relationship. Willy Lowman is the cross section of an ordinary American salesman who had to earn his living by the smile of his face and the shine of his shoes. The most touching moments of the play are though his efforts were mercilessly denounced by the capitalist world, he continues to be loyal to the system until his death. Another pathetic reality is that nobody attended Willy’s funeral. ... The dark shades of capitalism and business have been projected throughout the play. When Willy is fired from his job, his boss Howard says â€Å"you gotta admit, business is business† (Act II, 65). This comment of Howard shows that profit is what matters and there is no room for friendship or sentiments. Willy argues in vain â€Å"you can’t eat the orange and throw the peel away, a man is not a piece of fruit† (67). In this scene Miller blames the inhumane and impersonal nature of capitalism. Even though Howard very well knows Willy’s financial situation that he has no salary and no commissions, his wife does not work, and he is a travelling salesman who cannot drive any longer, Howard still encourages Willy to by a wire recorder. This scene brings out the ridiculing attitude of the capitalist society toward someone who is now useless, forgetting their long term service and sincerity that built up the corporate domain. Miller does not attempt to attack cap italism in his play. But he blames Willy’s unprofessional attitude for his failure. Willy is incompetent to be a good salesman anymore. He has lied to Howard to cling on to the office as well as he says Bernard will not succeed as he lacks charm. As Sterling points out, time proves that Bernard earns a successful life due to his hard work and personality and charm takes his two sons ‘nowhere in the business world’ (6). The play revolves around the objective of making money, and in that rat-race everything else is trivialized. In the attempt to actualize the American dream, it gets corrupted by a visionless society filled with poverty and suffering. The play shows the mentality of people driven by

Cruelty in animal testing Essay Example for Free

Cruelty in animal testing Essay Hobbes, the cat, has been under experimentation for most of his life. This is probably the last time that he will ever have to be experimented on again. Why? Because he is probably not going to make it through this time. The makers of Herbal Essences are about to force shampoo down his throat to see what happens to its organs. Even if the cat lives through the process, they will have to kill it to see which organs were affected by the toxic chemicals. If this was an actual human going through this deadly experiment, people would be in shock. Animal testing started numerous years ago to help provide humans with information. The process of animal testing is of great importance to scientists that work in testing for toxicity, in most cosmetics and personal care products that are made every year and are put into the market after being tested on animals. Animals in Product Testing stated, these products have gone through a long and complex testing process that leaves millions of animals mutilated, burned, poisoned and gassed in outmoded and unnecessary tests. From these different experiments, animals are often left with different diseases like Syphilis, Herpes, or AIDS (Animal Rights: Animal Testing). Manufacturers of these different products say that they are performing these tests to assure our safety for these products. They want to make sure that humans are not in any amount of danger (Animals in Product Testing). Animal testing is an unethical process, most of the testing is invasive and unnecessarily cruel torture to an innocent animal does that make us inherently evil even though many say we do the experiments for the greater good? Inflicting pain purposely is considered wrong in society and people are punished if caught. How can we justify the killing of an animal no matter how small and insignificant, in the larger scheme is there an alternative that we can use that will not cause pain and suffering and even save costs. Yes there are several different ways we can eliminate the use of animals in testing. There are certain types of animals that scientists use for certain types of experimentation. Some well-known animals that they use for testing are: cats, dogs, mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, sheep, llamas, cattle, owls, deer, monkeys and other primates. These are not, by any means, all of the animals that they use. These are just the most common (Animal Rights: Animal Testing). For example, the Draize Test is used on white albino rabbits (S. , Jeremy). They use white albino rabbits because of their sensitive eyes and also because the formation of their tear ducts stops tears from draining away all of the foreign substance (Animal Rights: Test ). In this process, scientists rub shampoo, soap, toothpaste, oven cleaner, lipstick, or lawn products into their gorgeous, red eyes. From this point, scientists record the damage that they observed. This test can last up to eighteen days with their eyelids held open with a clip. Many of the rabbits end up breaking their necks trying to escape from the horrifying pain. First of all, it is pointless to keep the product in their eyes for that long of a period. There is no way that even a child would have something like that in his/her eye for very long. The second reason this is unnecessary to do to a rabbit is that the eye tissue of a rabbit is completely different from humans. (S. , Jeremy). Instead of using the Draize test we can use these alternative that provide better results and less cost from the government and private companies. Nearly 50 different alternative methods and testing strategies have been developed, validated and/or accepted by international regulatory authorities. Using blood from human volunteers to test for the presence of fever-causing contaminants in intravenous medicines can save hundreds of thousands of rabbits each year from traditional pyrogen tests. EpiSkinâ„ ¢, EpiDermâ„ ¢ and SkinEthic—each composed of artificial human skin—can save thousands of rabbits each year from painful skin corrosion and irritation tests. The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test and Isolated Chicken Eye Test use eyes from animals slaughtered for the meat industry instead of live rabbits to detect chemicals and products that are severely irritating to the eyes. The 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test can replace the use of mice and other animals in the testing of medicines and other products for their potential to cause sunlight induced photo-toxicity. The Reduced Local Lymph Node Assay for skin allergy testing makes it possible to reduce animal use by up to 75 percent compared with traditional guinea pig and mouse tests. When testing to determine chemical concentrations that are deadly to fish and other aquatic life, use of the Fish Threshold Method can reduce the numbers of fish used by at least 70 percent compared with standard test methods. Why do companies even agree with animal experimentation? Some companies, like Clairol, demand that they do not use animal testing on their shampoo product, Herbal Essences. Even though they have cut down on animal testing, they have not eliminated the complete line of cosmetics and other products of animal experimentation (Consumer Companies Animals). There are also some companies, like Mothers Bath products, that do test on animals. The only difference is they shampoo their own dogs to see how it smells after being cleaned off with water. This type of procedure is not actual animal testing. The reason being is because it is not deathly and does not harm the animals in any way. Mothers Products inventor did mention, Beyond these happy volunteers WE DO NOT TEST ON ANIMALS. All other product testing is on ourselves, friends, family. This is the best type of testing to do, on real human beings (Mothers Cupboard Bath). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has different laws about the safety of human’s health. In other words, the FDA and the different laws agree with animal testing. The FDA supports two different acts, the Animal Welfare Act and the Public Health Service Policy and Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Animal Testing). The Animal Welfare Act is to assure the health of humane care and the management of dogs, cats and other certain animals that are used for research and experimentation. As well as to make sure that humane treatment of animals during the transport to help protect the owners of the animals from theft (U. S. Fish ). The Public Health Service Policy and Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals is a law that assures animal care for farm animals, mice and rats (Public Health ). The FDA feels that if animals are used instead of actual human beings, then there is no risk of taking a humans life. If animals are put under experimentation, then the loss of an animal wouldnt be as devastating as an actual person. Other companies like: Arm Hammer, Gillette, Procter Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, SmithKline, Beecham, and Unilever still test their products on animals (S. , Jeremy). Another element why animal experimentation is wrong is because in multiple ways, it is pointless. The reason that companies even test their products on animals is because they are supposedly watching out for our safety. Most toxic products are tested on different animals. Some toxic products that are used are: soaps and detergents, oven cleaners, and toilet cleaner, etc. What is wrong with this picture? The internet site titled, Animals in Product Testing stated, no amount of animal testing can change the fact that many of these products are harmful if ingested or used in a way not intended by the manufacturer. In other words, there is no reason to force animals to swallow any toxic products, when no matter what, they would harm someone if they digested it (Animal in Product Testing). Also, many different types of drugs are very useful to human beings, but are very dangerous and deadly to animals. For example, Penicillin can help peoples lives, but actually kills guinea pigs. Another drug is Aspirin, which, in fact, causes birth defects in mice, monkeys, rats, cats, guinea pigs and dogs. Obviously, this is not a problem toward humans (Animal Rights: Animal Testing). There are many reasons why animal experimentation is meaningless, but, in many ways, it can be good according to Jack Botting and Adrian Morrison. Both of these scientist claim that animal experimentation is essential because that is the only way that cures can be invented for many diseases. Also, many other medicines have been developed through animal testing. Morrison and Botting feel that there is no difference between humans and animals. Experimenting on animals helps store precise information for humans (Botting, 78). Animal testing is also unnecessary because there is not a law saying that you have to test any product on animals (Stevens). The only product that is forced by the law, to test on animals, are certain types of chemicals and pharmaceutical products (S. , Jeremy). To think that people are so cruel against animals, and there is no reason for it. Karen Lee Stevens stated, Sophisticated alternatives to the use of animals in consumer product testing are readily available. So, from the Stevens statement, there are obviously many other ways, besides animal testing, which can be used to test different products. These different alternatives could possibly be more effective, be a better indicator for humans, have much quicker results, and it would not be involved in any kind of animal unkindness. So, why dont all companies realize that they dont have to do testing on innocent animals? There are two main reasons why it is so hard for manufacturers to use alternatives: the fright for human safety and the fright of product  assurance. The first company that changed their ways of animal testing was Revlon Cosmetics. In 1979, Revlon gave $750,000 to the Rockefeller University to research different alternatives to test their products. Different organizations such as the John Hopkins Center for the Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Toiletry and Fragrance Association, the Cosmetic, the International Foundation for Ethical Research, and the Soap and Detergent Association started their own research to develop different alternatives. While this research is going on, the amount of animal testing increases so that they can guarantee consistent results with the new alternatives (Stevens). The final reason why animal testing is so cruel is because innocent animals are being abused without reason. For example, many animals that are used in all of these experiments are animals that have either been stolen or are from different animals shelters. From there, they are taken to animal testing sites. All of these animal experimentation sites have been inspected, but just because the research centers are legalized, does not mean that animals arent being abused. According to Jeremy S. , A research scientist at Huntingdon Life Sciences was recently caught on videotape punching four puppies repeatedly in the face. This so-called scientist is trying to prevent humans from danger by punching puppies. The scientist tried to back up his crime by stating that he was only trying to do the puppies a favor because the product that he just made them sniff was giving them terrible effects on the body (S. , Jeremy). There is no reason to do this to such young animals, or any animals for that manner. Today, many companies have turned from animal testing. They now feel that animal experimentation is a cruel process that leaves innocent animals dead for no apparent reason. Although many companies have agreed that it is an absurd process, animal testing still is a huge part of product testing (Animals in Product Testing). After all of the reasons of why animal testing is ridiculous, hopefully a law will stop the cruel process. Although, like stated in the previous paragraph, many companies have stopped these practices and tests, there are many that still practice this process. Hobbes, the cat, could still be alive today if it wasnt for the companies that still believe that it is okay to test animals with products. A question that is brought up in many peoples mind is, why would animal testing still be going on if there a Overall, animal testing is expensive, time-consuming, unpredictable, and not easily reproducible from one lab to another (i. e. , results lack reliability). Because of their expense, cumbersomeness, and scientific limitations, animal tests have not adequately addressed the vast number of chemicals already in commercial use, nor the estimated 700 new ones introduced every year. According to Dr. Thomas Hartung, director of the Johns Hopkins University Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, out of â€Å"some 100,000 chemicals in consumer products,†¦only about 5,000 have had significant testing so far because no one has the capacity for experiments using standard methods involving animals. †[7] While all new products must be tested for safety, using animals to assess human health risks is inefficient, unreliable, and has limited—if any—predictive value for what will happen in humans. Thankfully, private industry and a growing number of federal agencies are now acknowledging the superiority of alternative methods for safety testing. While alternative methods have not received the full scientific, industry, and government support that they deserve, progress is being made, as the development of alternative techniques becomes more widely recognized as a legitimate and important area of basic and applied scientific investigation. For example, one traditional criticism of in vitro replacement alternatives was their inability to mimic or reproduce the consequences of long-term, chronic human exposure to toxic substances. This is no longer the case. As cell culture technology has evolved, it is now possible to maintain in vitro systems for sufficiently longer periods of time—weeks or months. It is not necessary to maintain such cultures for years, as is done with some typical chronic animal tests. Long-term cell and tissue culture techniques can now allow in vitro studies of the effects of chronic, repeated exposure to toxic substances, as well as the recovery from such exposure in a shorter period of time.

rush city :: essays research papers

RUSH CITY PRISON 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a correctional facility 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1994 the Minnesota legislature appropriated funds for a new correctional facility in or close to the twin cities. Rush city was selected from many spots in or around the twin cities. In 1996 construction began. Thoughtful, innovative design was a tremendous difference in the cost of the prison, thinking of space requirements and how many workers would be required to run the facility safely. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  89 million dollars of an 83-acre facility placed on a 385-acre site. Total inmate capacity of almost 1000 prisoners. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  None that I read about 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, Rush City is the place for our county fair and it sees a lot more action then one may think. It is right on the freeway which makes an easy commute from almost anywhere around the area, and it also provides a nice, safe working environment that is close to home and pays well. There is not many departments like stores in rush city but it is full of factory buildings and worksites. It is also a good spot for the inmates themselves. They can easily have a job on the outside if they are allowed that option and it is close to the facility. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In rush city there are a lot of farm boys who are tuff enough to be prison guards, I actually know of a guy who grew up with my cousins and I on their farm and he went through a strict training program to be a guard in the visitors section. As far as food is concerned there seems to be a lot of ways food is delivered and made up for the inmates. From the usual lunch lady to sysco. I do not know much about the security system in the facility but it must be state of the art if they dropped 90 million dollars on the place. I think it is a fine place for a prison, I believe the inmates would be safer staying in the fence then actually escaping into that town. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As stated in question 3 the Minnesota legislature gave 83 million to build the facility 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A: thank god I now have a job that is close to home, it beats driving 52 miles everyday and the pay is competitive to what I was getting at my city job. I can run home for lunch and I get to see my kids more then I used to.

From PDAs to Smart Phones: The Evolution of an Industry in the Beginning

Even though PDAs had innovative and sophisticated product designs, companies failed due to several reasons. First, enabling technologies were not up to par and such features as wireless connectivity, greater processing power, longer battery life and replicating streamlined versions of office software compromised the performance and size of the PDA. Another reason was due to the lack of market awareness about the functionality and the future potential of pen-based PDA and the market was still undeveloped in terms of such technology. With the lack of publicity, how would the public see any use for a PDA? This was especially true for a generation that was not technologically driven as we are today. With a device more expensive than desktop systems, it seemed that without proper marketing the public would not understand the need for it. Furthermore, potential users were unsure of the PDA’s performance, compatibility and availability showing how companies failed to address user needs and did not focus on the type of consumer that would most likely buy such a device. In addition to these setbacks, Microsoft stalled the market acceptance of PDA technology when it announced it was planning on a making a PDA, but failed to follow through with it. It is obvious that companies producing PDAs could have developed successful marketing tactics to gain momentum and build a consumer base upon such publicity. However, it can be debated whether the PDA could of survived the emergence of the smart phone. Although many companies such as Momenta and GO failed in the PDA business, Palm proved to be the most victorious. The PalmPilot was successful because the product was fast, simple, and was available for less than $300. With the extinction of PDAS came the launch of the smart phone which created competition among such companies as Research In Motion, Motorola, Samsung, and HTC. However, in 2007, these companies were in for a major battle when computer giant Apple entered into the smart phone industry. Being late to the smart phone market proved in no way to be a disadvantage for Apple as the iPhone surpassed present smart phone models. specially with its integration of touch screen technology into smart phones. Apple was able to successfully enter into the industry when it did due to its well known and trusted brand. The company’s triumph can be measured by the success of its computers, computer software including iTunes, and iPods. The iPhone has been successful due to such features as its user interface, touch screen technology, applications, synchronization with iTunes, and its simplicity along. Apple has always been known for its innovation and the iPhone was proof of that. Overall, there seems to be increasing returns in the smart phone market as its consumer base grows; nevertheless, it is not likely that a single operating system as the dominant design as the cell phone industry produces a variety of different models that accommodate user’s preferences. Overall, the smart phone industry has gained the longevity and potential for further technological advances that PDAs failed to obtain demonstrating how the timing of a product’s entry into its industry is vital in the products success.

High School and Advance Placement Classes

Ever since I can remember, my ambitions were to make this world a better place by solving crimes and putting criminals behind bars. I am truly motivated to contribute to this patriotic country. I will risk my life for it if that is what it takes. My commitment, dedication and effort in my academic and extra-curricular activities will help guide me into my lifetime goals of becoming a criminal psychology, and getting a degree combined with law and psychology. High schools provide students with the chance to prepare for the real world and I refuse not to take advantage of it. For example, the activities that are fostering me into my future are extra-activities and core courses.Drill team has given me the power to adequately deal with the demands and challenges of daily life. All that was expected of me I excelled in. Being a member has helped me flourish into a mature individual. Throughout all of the experiences on drill team, I have developed leadership and social skills that are ben eficial in majoring in criminal justice. My director pushed me to the limit to help me grow in the same way they would in criminal justice. In any career they want to excel in.I was able to stay committed and not give up during all those stressful times. Therefore, proving I am ready for what college has in stores for me no matter how hard it gets. In dance, it has helped me become fit from having to dance year round. In most careers in criminal justice it is required that you pass timed test for physical activities. In dance I discovered how passionate I feel about working out.Taking psychology and sociology, will aid me in my lifetime goals because those classes are required in my career path. In completing these courses during high school, it will be a big advantage in helping me to comprehend them in college. I will have prior knowledge. When taking that class in college, I will be prepared for it and I also could take my notes from high school to refer to. It helps me with crim inal profiling and provides strategies and suggestions that can be used in the interviewing process of finding the killer or kidnapper.I have been taking Pre-Advance placement and Advance Placement classes since freshman year. Taking advanced placement classes by far has really helped me  get a better understanding of what to expect from college courses. My teachers act like professors therefore I know that professors will treat me like an adult. My instructors teach the way university instructors would and I am still able to obtain exceptional grades in my classes. Advance placement classes boosted my grade point average therefore it will help me get into a wonderful college of my choice.In high school, I am dedicated towards my long time goals. I want to say I was someone in life. I have learned how to balance a job, extra-curricular activities, and my academic performance. These skills will guide me tremendously in my long term goals. My ambitions are to keep this world a safer place. Even if it means not having fun and focusing on my future I am driven enough to do it. If I want to be successful and get a good education and career I must have determination, encouragement, and fulfillment. Success is finding your way to reach your goals in life.It is a journey which has several peaks that build on one another. It comes from within while realizing what my own strengths and weaknesses are to determine my accomplishments. In high school I am given this opportunity that will help me with any barrier in life. I want to be my children`s role model one day. I want to be someone they can look up to and I am willing to work for it.

Grass Farming in The Omnivores Dilemma by Michael Pollan

Grass Farming in The Omnivores Dilemma by Michael Pollan Thesis Statement: Has the study of the book â€Å"Omnivores Dilemma† Impacted on the way people eat?Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Grass Farming in The Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Grass: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Pasture This section stipulates that the grass farmer utilizes some of the oldest farming practices. It adds that the grass farmer should not just be treated as a traditional farmer but he should also be regarded as the one who has taken all the knowledge that people have acquired over the years and used it in a completely revolutionary manner. The grass farmer grows different species of crops and rears different breeds of animals then allows them to work together so that they can flourish. The grass absorbs sunlight and converts it into energy. Cows on the other hand graze on the grass and in turn fertilize it. Chickens then utilize the bug s that they get from the fertilized soil and thus eliminate pests. This study is important in that it helps people to understand how farmers utilize the different methods of crop production to produce crops and rear breeds that are of high quality (Pollan 54). This study is significant in that it has notified different farmers on how they should allow fertilization to take place naturally in order to ensure that their soil remains productive and free from pests. It is true therefore that traditional farming and rearing mechanisms are efficient in terms of maintaining the productivity of the soil. It is also important for farmers to put into consideration the issue of successful grass farming. For grass farming to be effective, a farmer should ensure that he rears different breeds of livestock to graze in the field which then put natural manure to the field. Farmers should try as much as possible to refrain from applying man-made manure into the field as this would have the long run effect of destroying the fertility of the soil (Pollan 55). The Animals: Practicing Complexity This section describes the manner in which raising of cows, chickens, Larvae, grass, and bacteria play an important role in preventing the need for fertilizers, wormers, and antibiotics. This section is significant in that it demonstrates that all animals depend on each other to achieve specified goals which are specified by farmers. For example, chickens act as the cleaning crew, while the pigs are used to spread manure in the field. This is a complex system and in order for people to catch up with it, they invented the wheel whose goal is to simplify the complex process that is used by chickens and pigs (Pollan 57).Advertising Looking for book review on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Slaughter: In  a Glass Abattoir This section reflects on the Omnivores dilemma. It argues that if people do not have th e ability to feed the animals that they have, then they should refrain from eating them. The section notifies people that death is part of life the animals being slaughtered. They should therefore give animals a good life and death. This implies that people should show appreciation for the animals that they rear and slaughter them using recommended tools. The Market: Greetings from the Non-Barcode People Organic food substances are described by many people as being elitist. This means that it is not possible for the average American to afford organic products. Research has shown that people are very much willing to use their money to meet the needs of their cell phones, giant TVs, and high speed internet but they cannot afford to meet the costs of organic food which have been raised sustainably (Pollan 45). This therefore shows that people do not value the products that add value to their health. They choose other pressures over organics that would add more value to their health. Th e Meal: Grass Fed Most people love consuming products that are not only local, sustainable or organic, but they also love consuming products that are produced on a seasonal basis. It is said that those foods that are grown in seasons have higher nutritive value compared to those foods that are present throughout the year. Seasonal products also add quality and taste to food (Pollan 46). Many people therefore have different experiences in the tastes, enjoyment, and quality when they consume a product that has been produced seasonally. Food that is produced seasonally has a higher nutritional value because of its nature. Impact of reading the Omnivores Dilemma The book â€Å"Omnivores Dilemma† has a very significant influence in determining the way people eat. The book lays its emphasis on whether people should eat fast foods or organic foods. Pollan stipulates that the health of children and the environment plays an important role in sustaining life on earth (56). Pollanâ€⠄¢s readings have also had significant influence on the way people eat. People have therefore found it necessary to consume food that adds more value to their health and hence enabling them to minimize incidences of acquiring health related complications. Pollan’s writing style therefore induces people to adopt more healthy eating habits in order to increase their survival rate. It is therefore advisable for a person to ensure that he reads more of Pollan’s books since they inspire people to adopt healthy lifestyle.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Grass Farming in The Omnivore’s Dilemma by Michael Pollan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pollan, Michael. The Omnivores Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, New York: Penguin Group, 2006. Print

Free Essays on Reality In A Midsummer Nights Dream

â€Å"More strange than true. I never may believe these antic fables, nor these fairy toys. Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, such shaping fantasies, that apprehend more than cool reason ever comprehends. The lunatic, the lover, and the poet are of imagination all compact. One sees more devils than vast hell can hold; that is the madman. The lover, all as frantic, sees Helen’s beauty in a brow of Egypt. The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven; and as imagination bodies forth the forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen turns them to shapes, and gives to aery nothing a local habitation and a name. Such tricks hath strong imagination , that if it would but apprehend some joy, it comprehends some bringer of that joy; or in the night, imagining some fear, how easy is a bush suppos’d a bear!† Theseus (5.1.2-22) In the concluding act of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Theseus refers to the madness of love through his discussion of the relationship between lovers, poets, and madmen. Love’s virtue is defined through a common image of sight, which tries to make a distinction between what is rational and what is not in love. Theseus is stressing the point that love is of the imagination; it makes a person see things that are not really there. The passage is extremely visual, allowing the reader to understand Theseus’ point clearly. The lover, the poet, and the madman are paralleled through the common image of sight to suggest that truth is ultimately subjective, such that each person makes his own truth. The mentally ill hallucinate, lovers see ugly people as beautiful, and poets create an imaginary world to give life to ideas by "giving to aery nothing a local habitation and a name." After hearing of the events in the woods shared between the young lovers, Theseus feels that the events are â€Å"more strange than true,† as they are more bizarre than... Free Essays on Reality In A Midsummer Night's Dream Free Essays on Reality In A Midsummer Night's Dream â€Å"More strange than true. I never may believe these antic fables, nor these fairy toys. Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, such shaping fantasies, that apprehend more than cool reason ever comprehends. The lunatic, the lover, and the poet are of imagination all compact. One sees more devils than vast hell can hold; that is the madman. The lover, all as frantic, sees Helen’s beauty in a brow of Egypt. The poet’s eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven; and as imagination bodies forth the forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen turns them to shapes, and gives to aery nothing a local habitation and a name. Such tricks hath strong imagination , that if it would but apprehend some joy, it comprehends some bringer of that joy; or in the night, imagining some fear, how easy is a bush suppos’d a bear!† Theseus (5.1.2-22) In the concluding act of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Theseus refers to the madness of love through his discussion of the relationship between lovers, poets, and madmen. Love’s virtue is defined through a common image of sight, which tries to make a distinction between what is rational and what is not in love. Theseus is stressing the point that love is of the imagination; it makes a person see things that are not really there. The passage is extremely visual, allowing the reader to understand Theseus’ point clearly. The lover, the poet, and the madman are paralleled through the common image of sight to suggest that truth is ultimately subjective, such that each person makes his own truth. The mentally ill hallucinate, lovers see ugly people as beautiful, and poets create an imaginary world to give life to ideas by "giving to aery nothing a local habitation and a name." After hearing of the events in the woods shared between the young lovers, Theseus feels that the events are â€Å"more strange than true,† as they are more bizarre than...

Hanging Upside Down is Fun! The Other Side of The Essay Expert

Hanging Upside Down is Fun! The Other Side of The Essay Expert Sometimes the greatest things to be acknowledged for are not work-related. I was therefore very excited to be featured in the Escape Adulthood blog. Escape Adulthood is a company whose mission is to â€Å"annihilate Adultitis†! As much as I am behind the mission of my own company, I’m thrilled to be part of this grand vision to bring lightness and childlike enthusiasm to the lives of as many people as possible! I hope you enjoy seeing this other side of The Essay Expert. Hint: I talk a lot about being upside down.

Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Essay - 2

Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) - Essay Example This paper will examine various functions of human resource management in relations to APS business objectives and evaluate the human resource management aspects of the company. Strategic human resources management, alignment with mission achievement, strategic alignment these terms are some of the phrases, which are being used to explain the latest, evolving function of human resources management (HRM). Different people will give different meaning for these terms. Consequently, it is imperative to ascertain from the starting what we are really talking about. Human resources management alignment implies integrating decisions concerning employees with decisions regarding the outcomes a business is attempting to reach the objective of the company in relations to its business targets. (Hunger & Wheelen, 2003) This report will address strategic human resource management in APS Company. The report will take a critical evaluation of the human resource and offer the best strategy to follow. With human resource rising as the primary asset of an organisation, human resources (HR) management are being faced with new challenges to come up with strategic approaches that can add value to the organisations when sourcing for new employees. To address this issue the human resource have to formulated strategies that will add value to an organisation in pursuit of identifying, recruiting, developing and retaining highly talented employees who can take the company to new heights and provide a competitive advantage to the company (Armstrong, 2006) Recruitment and retention Beardwell & Holden (1997) states that; employee recruitment is very important in an organization. It consists of administration, performance and staffing. All these are interrelated activities that are carried out in an organization. Management and staffing activities help in ensuring that employees with right or desired skills are recruited. The employees have also to be in the right numbers desired by the organization. Employee recruitment aims at ensuring that employees are at the right place at the right time. Human resource manager in this case is concerned with ensuring that employees perform their best. Best recruitment processes insure that the organizations get the best staff that can improve and add value to the company. The human resource has to provide better employment terms to retain employees who are experienced in the organization. This will highly help the restructuring processes. (Beardwell & Holden, 1997) Training and development Each employee requires more learning in order to improve his /her skills, no matter how best a candidate is, he/she can not be 100% percent qualified. Thus, the human resource management should implement learning management system (Beardwell & Holden, 1997) In general the human resource management is supposed to come up with training and education programs for its employees. Training can be termed as systematic enhancement of knowledge, skills and attitudes of the needed by an employee in order to perform a given task. Development is the growth of an employee in terms of capability, understanding and awareness. In an organization training and development is important in order to; 1. Develop a workforce that can perform higher-grade assignments 2.

What aids are available to the courts when concerned with Essay

What aids are available to the courts when concerned with interpretation of statute - Essay Example An intrinsic analysis of a statute and the statutory context that surrounds it is based upon the construction of statute bearing in mind the language used, as also the level of harmony of the statutory element in the content of the body of law of which it forms a part1. Therefore, the content of the statute will be considered in relation to other enacting words used in the statute, which will serve to indicate the purpose of the legislation in question, so that if interpretation of one section appears absurd in connection with other sections, it will not hold good. This is referred to as the rule of noscitur a sociis, according to which the words that make up a statute are to be interpreted in the light of the context within which they appear, or where the meaning of the words will be known by its associated words2. For example, according to Stamp J, â€Å"English words derive color from those which surround them. Sentences are not mere collections of words to be taken out of the sentence, defined separately†¦.†3 A sentence from a statute cannot be interpreted in isolation, but must be interpreted taking into account the general context or the Ejusdem Generis – material belonging to the same genus.4 Such an intrinsic interpretation of a statute was taken up in the case of People (Attorney general) v Kennedy.5 In this instance, the statute that required interpretation was Section 79 of the Courts of Justice Act of 1924. This provision allowed for a right to appeal without spelling out any specific limitations on who could actually bring such an appeal. Therefore, taken out of context and interpreted independently, this would have implied that a range of persons could bring an appeal. But by interpreting the statute in the light of its associated words and the general context of the Act, the Court held that there was an inherent limitation in Section 79, limiting the appeal to the accused person only. In this case, Black J stated that: â€Å"A

A Case Study of Property Developing Firm Using Soft System Methodology Dissertation

A Case Study of Property Developing Firm Using Soft System Methodology - Dissertation Example The author of the essay "A Case Study of a Property Developing Firm Using Soft Systems Methodology" assumes that SSM study fits the concept of action research arising first in the behavioral sciences. Researchers view of the limitations of studying complex real social events in a laboratory, the artificiality of splitting out single behavioral elements from an integrated system. The action-research method fits the Soft System Methodology in which it involve in a change progress, in the system itself, as a means to both practical action and an experience relevant to the research aim of developing systems concepts. Being concerned with intervention in purposeful systems, the action researcher, unlike natural scientists, can express his research aims as hopes but cannot with certainty design them into his ‘experiences’. He is prepared to react to whatever happens in the research situation. He has to follow wherever the situation leads him or stop the research. This study advocates that the continues use of SSM on the property development help firms on the organization learning, this allow users to learn from their action systematically, as well as generating creative problem solving strategies for their growth and continuity. The strength of SSM comes from familiarity of the systems and knowledge of users; however, users need patient and practice to be able to explore the usefulness of SSM. Lastly, SSM seems to be a useful tool for large co-operations, which consist of many people, departments and operation entities.

Wealth and Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wealth and Poverty - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  underdeveloped nations are those that have poor systems of governance, economic as well as welfare of the people. These countries have poorly developed infrastructure that is essential for economic development, in addition, their education system does not play a major role in empowering its people to be innovative and creative, for this reason, its people live in poverty.According to the report  wealth can be defined as the plentiful or abundance of valuable resources and possessions that can be exploited by an individual or a country. An individual, community, region or country having these resources is said to be wealthy, however, the lack of awareness about the availability of these resources and means to exploit them can leave an individual or that party being dependant. Poverty, in contrast to wealth, means a general scarcity, in this case, it may refer to an individual or state as well. Poverty, just as wealth can also be defined according to the context in which it is being derived, however; there are two main approaches to this issue, it can be absolute or relative poverty. Absolute poverty can be described as a situation where people in a certain place have minimal or no access to the basic requirements of life, which are; food, shelter and clothing. On the other hand, relative poverty refers to the situation where people are completely barred from taking part in what is considered as a normal and acceptable standard of life in a community or society in general.

Economic Sustainability, Changing Labor Market through the EU Policies Literature review

Economic Sustainability, Changing Labor Market through the EU Policies - Literature review Example Literature that bears discussions on sustainability as investment policies will be tackled by this review, along with strategic and long-term developments in the EU region. It shall also be relevant to cover literature addressing the purposes of EU and the common interests upheld by its member nations. This will be connected with the literature on the multiplier effect model.  The resources found for this realm are mainly books, which have been appropriate materials that enabled achieving the objectives of presenting and discussing concepts related to the study.The European Union (EU) creates an impact on national political and administrative systems, as well as domestic politics and policies. The research perspective of â€Å"Europeanization† brings into focus that Europe plays a significant role in the usual bouts of the political life of politicians, national bureaucrats, and the wider public, blowing fresh air into old debates of European integration, policy-making, and European governance (Lenschow Andrea 2004, p. 56). The shift of political responsibilities and possibly, public loyalty to the European level has implied a relative weakening of national state structures, while there are some debates claiming that European-level arrangements have strengthened national governments (Lenschow   2004,   p. 56). The separate treatments of European and national politics were ended by the concept of multi-level governance in which the multitude of political and societal actors is considered potential parts of a dynamic network while the vertical levels of governance are interlinked in the concept of multi-level governance. The EU governance structure has a top-down process, which produces an impact on the domestic structures of EU member states (Cowles, et al., 2001 in Lenschow   2004, p. 57). The top-down impact of the EU on its member states suggests reorienting the direction and shape of politics in a way that EU political and economic movements a nd dynamics become a part of the larger organizational process of policy making (Lenschow, 2004, p. 58). There also appears a horizontal transfer of concepts and policies between member states of the EU, in which EU plays a facilitating role for inter-state transfers. Although an inter-state transfer or diffusion exists among states through horizontal, state-to-state transfer processes taking place independently of the existence of the EU, the EU provides the arena for inter-state communication or facilitation of such horizontal processes. It assumes that the EU is the direct or the indirect provider of a necessary impulse for domestic change in that it represents a set of rules and a discursive framework leading to domestic change. Hence, the EU serves as a facilitator of discourses and rules in the political arena of the region between and among member states.

Wealth and Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wealth and Poverty - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  underdeveloped nations are those that have poor systems of governance, economic as well as welfare of the people. These countries have poorly developed infrastructure that is essential for economic development, in addition, their education system does not play a major role in empowering its people to be innovative and creative, for this reason, its people live in poverty.According to the report  wealth can be defined as the plentiful or abundance of valuable resources and possessions that can be exploited by an individual or a country. An individual, community, region or country having these resources is said to be wealthy, however, the lack of awareness about the availability of these resources and means to exploit them can leave an individual or that party being dependant. Poverty, in contrast to wealth, means a general scarcity, in this case, it may refer to an individual or state as well. Poverty, just as wealth can also be defined according to the context in which it is being derived, however; there are two main approaches to this issue, it can be absolute or relative poverty. Absolute poverty can be described as a situation where people in a certain place have minimal or no access to the basic requirements of life, which are; food, shelter and clothing. On the other hand, relative poverty refers to the situation where people are completely barred from taking part in what is considered as a normal and acceptable standard of life in a community or society in general.

Strategic marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic marketing - Essay Example Another crucial thing which needs to be ensured is the coordination in the work of volunteers to establish organizational effectiveness (Hockey Australia, The Clubhouse Team Kit, 2005). Another important area of concern for the volunteer management is the volunteer turnover. Volunteer turnover is often said to be the result of the lack of recognition by the organization of their employees’ value to the organization, to the policies of growth and lack of advancement opportunities. Thus reducing volunteer turnover will be a prime concern and I think it can be achieved through effective monitoring and increase in organizational commitment (Cronin, 2011, 60). Exit interview Having discussed the significance of the volunteer management I will like to conduct exit interview question to the volunteers leaving the club. Exit interview is an important tool as information can be gathered from the volunteers regarding their experience in the organization no matter how long or short their stay may be and accordingly help us to formulate new strategies in the Human Resource Management practices. It may be the case that under emotional stress some of them will not be willing to take the interviews (Volunteer Management Program Retaining Volunteers, Australian Sports Commission, 2000, 22). The questions I would to like to make in the interview sessions are as follows: 1. What is your prime reason for leaving? This is the most obvious and important question I would like to ask because it will give an overview of the reasons of leaving the organization 2. Are you looking for a better opportunity? (Yes/No)-Give reasons I will ask this question as it will provide the platform to analyze the loopholes and accordingly help to make strategy intervention 3. What was the most enjoyable and what were the least enjoyable aspects of your volunteering role? This question will be asked to intervene the dimension of the motivational aspect of the organization 4. Do you feel you recei ved adequate support in your role? (Yes/No) A random question to judge the spontaneous answer of the volunteer 5. Do you feel you received adequate training in your role? (Yes/No)-Give reasons Training is an integral part in the sporting organization. So analyzing this special area will be a necessity 6. How do you really feel about this organization? This should be a general question to know the understanding of the organization by the volunteers 7. Would you recommend others to volunteer for this organization? This would be asked for the feelings of the leaving volunteers towards the fellow volunteers towards the organization (Volunteer Exit Interview, n.d.). ‘Volunteer retain’ policies This is a fact that the expectation of volunteer turnover is high and often demands for an organizational change in large sporting clubs. But within the constraints of the limited resources optimal policies should be adapted in recruiting, orientating, and training new volunteers and i nfuse within them a value creation. Various motivational policies can be adapted for retaining volunteers. Offering education and training programs which include leadership courses, mentor training and various guidelines for explaining the roles and the responsibilities of the volunteers. Clear pathway should be created for the people so that they can feel the thrust to achieve higher levels of targets (Burd, 2009). Communication with the volunteers is a vital point. Among the

The Acropolis Essay Example for Free

The Acropolis Essay The Acropolis is the main part of the city of Athens located in 150m above sea level. Since ancient times, art flourished in his part of the city. Temple building had both a symbolic and economic objective. It glorified the gods and the city, which thereby succeeded in overawing the proprietary aristocratic cults that existed in the earlier foundations. In economic terms temple construction meant returning to circulation the money that otherwise would have accumulated in the coffers of the divinities concerned. Acropolis represents a flat-topped rock settled since Neolithic era (6 millennium BC). Further, Mycenaean population settled in this region. In two centuries, Acropolis was occupied by Kylon. For tribes henceforward all looked alike to Athens, set on that plains broad level between the mountains and the sea (Coulton 34). The splendid rock, the famous acropolis, afforded them a strong, capacious citadel; and under the rocks north slope sprang up the nucleus of what later was to be incomparably the largest of Greek towns. Political power was vested in the hands of a landowning aristocracy, the High-born or Eupatrids. From their ranks were yearly chosen the three Archons or executive officials, for civil administration, for religion, and for war. Plutarch, in his life of Pericles wrote of the great Classical buildings on the Acropolis that â€Å"they arose no less towering in their grandeur than inimitable in their grace of form, for the workmen eagerly strove to surpass one another in the beauty of their craftsmanship . . .† (Berve 56). This description shows that Acropolis had a great meaning and significance for Greece.   Acropolis art included literature and sculpture, buildings and painting. The most famous architectural constructions, temples, were located in Acropolis’ slopes. The most important temples were the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena Nike. Temple sacred to Athena Polias’ was built around 6th century BC. There were two temples of Athene, an old and a new. Athenas new temple on the acropolis, and the great Portico which was raised at the entrance to the hill; out of it, too, came the gold and ivory statue of the goddess which stood within the shrine. Such a use of the allies money may seem inexcusable to us; but the ethics of imperialism are never very easy to define. Pericles believed that Athens had a mission to spread artistic culture by such means, and for this reason empire builders too have believed in their own mission and not always in a mission upon so lofty a plane (Berve 67). The temple of Athene had important meaning for Greeks because the climax of the Festival was a procession of ascent to the temple of Athena on the citadel. This temple dated from times long before the tyrant Gelon, there is excellent evidence that he embellished it, adding perhaps the pillars which ran round the shrines exterior, and the sculptured groups of marble figures which adorned its gable-ends. Nor were these the only monuments of his architectural passion (Coulton 76). Peisistratus and his sons rebuilt the Ancient Temple of Athena, with a peristyle of stone. Most unusual is the difference of material in the marble raking cornice, with its hawksbeak bed moulding and a crowning moulding which, though an ovolo, is also painted with a Doric leaf. The sima is likewise of marble, and on the pediments has the ovolo imitated from Corinthian terracotta simas, but on the flanks it retains the old Ionic vertical face with pipe-like spouts at intervals, while the water-spouts carved on the four angle acroterion bases were lion heads at one end, ram heads at the other (Berve 9). For the first time great pedimental groups were carved in marble, and consequently in the round rather than relief, for the technical reason that it was cheaper to construct the tympanium background separately in local limestone; the subjects were, at the east the battle of the gods and giants, and at the rear a combat of animals. The Erechtheum (421-407 BC) was constructed, near the north edge of the Acropolis, in the troubled period after Pericles death when the Peloponnesian War was going badly for Athens and funds were limited. Despite these handicaps, and the extraordinarily difficult architectural problems involved by the necessity of incorporating earlier shrines into the structure, the Erechtheum ranks as the finest of all Greek temples in the Ionic style. It later suffered badly from fires, from adaptation into a Church and then into a Turkish mansion, and from the carrying off of much of its materials for use in medieval and later buildings. This temple had â€Å"porch of maidens† consisted of six female figures as columns (Plommer 34). The greatest temple, the Parthenon (5th century BC) and popular monument, the Propylaea, were in the Dorian style, though they were in many respects different from the Dorian works elsewhere. Leader among the architects was Ictinus, the designer of the Parthenon, Ictinus was assisted in his work on the Parthenon by Callicrates, of whom less is known; and the name of Mnesicles has come down to us as that of the creator of the Propylaea, the Parthenon embrace both Doric and Ionic principles, as well as their distinctive features.   This temple was built on the place of the old temple of Athena. A huge platform of solid limestone masonry 252 feet long and 103 feet wide, attaining at one corner a height of 35 feet above bed rock, â€Å"formed the substructure of the temple; along the south flank it was intended to form a podium rising 7 ½ feet above the graded earth† (Berve 34). Leaving a portion of the platform to form a terrace on all four sides, the three-stepped temple was begun with stylobate dimensions of 77 feet 2 ½ inches by 219 feet 7 ½ inches; the lowest step was of pink Kara limestone, the middle step and stylobate of Pentelic marble. The temple was hexastyle, with sixteen columns on the flanks, all uniformly 6 feet 3 inches in lower diameter except those at the corners, which in accordance with a new system of emphasis were thickened by one-fortieth of the diameter. On the other hand, the archaic practice of reducing the flank spacing was retained. The inner building was tetrastyle prostyle (rather than in-antis) at both ends, the antae being of Ionic form lacking offsets but with base mouldings which were continued along the cella walls (Berve 56). The pronaos gave access to a long cella divided by two rows of interior columns, while through the opisthodomus could be entered what was probably a single large room, the prototype of the west chamber of the Periclean temple (Dinsmoor 48). The chief interest of this temple is that it initiated marble construction in Attica on a large scale, introduced the use of Ionic elements (Ionic frieze which runs around the walls) and the application of delicate refinements in upward curvature and column inclinations, and even contributed much of the material and many of the dimensions for the present Parthenon. When the Persians returned in 480 B.C. they completely destroyed it, the unfinished columns at this time having attained a height of only two to four drums above the stylobate. Also, â€Å"in high relief 92 metopes were carved† (Dinsmoor 48). East and west impediments depict scenes from Greek mythology. â€Å"The metopes of the Parthenon all represented various instances of the struggle between the forces of order and justice, on the one hand, and criminal chaos on the other† (The Parthenon, n.d.).   Pheidias was the maker of the celebrated gold and ivory Athena Parthenos that stood in the Parthenon. There are literary descriptions of this lost statue which inspire us with the belief that the great image was truly free in the Greek sense. There are also, unfortunately, copies of Roman date which can only mislead. When he made the Athena Parthenos in Athens, and later the seated Zeus at Olympia, both of gold and ivory and on the giant scale, he was fulfilling the highest ambition of Greek art which had begun, more than a thousand years before, to make works of ivory and gold (Coulton 74). Under the south-east side of the Acropolis he further planned the building of a magnificent temple to Olympian Zeus. This scheme he never lived to see completed; and before the roof was added, the Athenian people had regained their liberty. The gaunt columns of the arrested work were left simply as they stooda memorial, as it were, of the tyrants frustrated pride and a warning to others who in future days might be tempted to follow in his footsteps (Coulton 73). Similar plans were employed for the earlier temple of   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A† on the Athenian Acropolis. More elaborate was temple A on the Acropolis, with a tetrastyle in-antis faà §ade (Plommer 78-80). In these temples may be seen the characteristic Greek practice of using a different type of anta capital (with the Doric) from that of the column In the entablatures, while the mainland tendency was to leave the metopes uncarved, they were frequently accented by the use of thin slabs of white marble, contrasting with the dark blue or black of the triglyphs and the blues and reds of the taenia below and cornice above. The Hydra gable (belonging to an unknown building on the Acropolis) illustrates the growing Athenian tendency to use sculptured pediments, though here the amount of relief is only 1 inch (Plommer 78-80). Other Athenian temples of this period were the miniature temple E on the Acropolis, unknown as to location (possibly one of three treasuries, including temples B and C, west of the Hecatompedon) though its details obviously imitate those of the Peisistratid temple of Athena, and also its direct antithesis, the huge but frustrated beginning of the great Olympieum by the sons of Peisistratus, abandoned when Hippias was driven into exile in 510 B.C. (Plommer 78-80).. The two lower steps were actually built, as well as the foundations of the second or inner rows of columns, as well as the arrangement of the columns, the outer rows having eight on the fronts and twenty-one on the flanks, with a diameter of 7 feet 11 1/4 inches (Dinsmoor 48). The Acropolis and its temples embodied the best architectural constructions of Ancient Greece. The Acropolis temples represent a architectural importance because of the meticulously detailed representation of a building and unique combination of styles. Works Cited Berve H., Gruben G., Hirmer M. Greek Temples, Theatres and Shrines. Greenwood Press, 1963. Coulton J.J. Greek Architects at Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Dinsmoor W.B. The Architecture of Ancient Greece. London: Croom Helm, 1975. The Parthenon n.d. 09 Ma7 2007. http://academic.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/Parthenon.html Plommer W.H. Ancient and Classical Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

The existence of culture bound syndrome

The existence of culture bound syndrome This essay will explore whether culture bound syndrome exist or not. First, the essay will first define what culture bound syndromes are and how they are categorised. Then this is followed by a discussion of arguments supporting the existence of CBS and arguments challenging their existence. Introduction Most mental health disorders are based on the Western scientific model of medicine. It is assumed that mental health disorders stem from a biological basis and that they are found in all cultures. The view that mental health problems are culture free is a universalist perspective. However a universalist perspective ignores the role of culture on mental health. Ignoring the role of culture can lead to misdiagnosis and lack of understanding about mental health problems in general. Definition Classification systems like the DSM IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental health disorders)are a diagnostic tool for psychiatrists. The current DSM is the DSM IV, where Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) has been designed for use across clinical settings (inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, consultation-liaison, clinic, private practice, and primary care), with community populations. It can be used by a wide range of health and mental health professionals. The current edition of the DSM has made modest attempts to include mental health disorders from other cultures in order to address cultural issues. These are known as culture-bound syndromes and are defined as; Culture Bound syndromes are a culturally relative approach to mental health disorders in which specific symptom are unique to that particular culture. recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category. Many of these patterns are indigenously considered to be illnesses, or at least afflictions, and most have local names The word culture refers to the beliefs, norms and also values that govern the way people that are within a defined group such as a certain society or nation that interact with each other and these must be in a standard of acceptable behaviours and thoughts and each new member of the society has to learn these beliefs and understandings. This links to culture bound syndromes since as mentioned before, Culture bound syndromes are syndromes in which are very unique to a certain culture only which would mean that their symptoms are only seen and experienced within that culture. An examples of a culture bound syndromes is Amok found in Malaysia. This CBS is where this is a dissociative episode featuring a period of brooding followed by an outburst of aggressive, violent or homicidal behaviour aimed at people and objects.   It seems to occur only among males, and is often precipitated by a perceived slight or insult.   It is often accompanied by persecutory ideas, automatism, amnesia or exhaustion, following which the individual returns to their pre-morbid state.   The victim, who is almost always a male between 20-45, has often experienced a loss of social status or a major life change.   It is now rare, and occurs primarily in rural regions. 4 Another culture bound syndrome would be Dhat which occurs in India. Dhat is defined as vague somatic symptoms of fatigue, weakness, anxiety, loss of appetite, guilt and sexual dysfunction attributed by the patient to loss of semen in nocturnal emissions, through urine and masturbation.   The anxiety related to semen loss can be traced back thousands of years to Ayurvedic texts, where the loss of a single drop of semen, the most precious body fluid, could destabilize the entire body. These examples of culture bound syndrome represent some syndromes are found in Asia. Culture bound syndromes also exist in Western society one of the most well known ones is anorexia. It is an eating disorder in which people intentionally starve themselves. It causes extreme weight loss, which the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), defines as at least 15 percent below the individuals normal body weight. Categorizing culture bound syndromes Culture bound syndromes have been categorised by McCajor Hall (1988) in the six following ways. The first way is that he believes that in order to be a culture bound syndrome, it must be a psychiatric illnesses that has not been originally caused and it must be recognised as an illness locally, however it must not be matched within a recognised category. The second way is that, it must be a psychiatric illness that has not been originally caused and is also recognised as an illness locally but it must also resemble a western category though it may lack some symptoms that are usually regarded as the important part within other cultures. The third way is just simply that the psychiatric illness has not yet been recognised in the west. The fourth way is that the psychiatric illness that is found in many cultures may be originally caused but must be only regarded as an illness in one or a few of the cultures. The fifth way is that the psychiatric illness is accepted culturally as a form of illness but it would still not be regarded as an acceptable illness in the mainstream of west ern medicine. The sixth way is that the psychiatric illness or syndrome supposedly occurring in a given culture, but in fact does not exist at all in reality but is used to justify the expulsion and execution of an outcast in the same way witchcraft was. Psychiatrist, Berry et al (1992) has argued that there are three types of syndromes. Firstly, absolute syndromes where the same symptom and incidence rates are found around the world. The second is universal syndromes where the same symptoms are found around the world but where the incidence rates may vary between culture to culture and lastly culturally relative syndromes where the symptoms are unique to a particular culture. However there remains speculation about the existence of culture bound syndromes, some psychologists take a universalist position and maintain they dont exist, whilst others take a relativist position and argue they do. Culture Bound syndromes do exist Culture bound syndromes are unique in their own way since it can only be seen within specific cultures. People who support this idea are psychologists like Pfeiffer and McCajor Hall. Hall believes that in order for a syndrome to be considered a culture bound syndrome, the syndrome itself must essentially be recognised by the locals of the specific culture and must be not known by another category like from the western culture. If it is recognised as or resembles a western mental illness, then the syndrome should at least have a few of its symptoms but not all. Pfeiffer has argued that culture bound syndromes might not be at home in the classification system such as the DSM IV. He believes that culture bound syndromes should be viewed at a level of the culture individually itself and not just from one specific place like the vantage point of Washington DC ( the home of the American Psychological Association) and believes that it is specific in the following four aspects. The first aspect is that he believes that cultures differ in those things that place people under unbearable stress, for example, in one culture it may be due to work, status or health issues while in another culture it may be due to family relations. The second aspect he proposed was that different cultures allow and ban certain expressions and behaviours and what might be permitted as a culturally acceptable release mechanism in certain cultures may perhaps not be allowed in others if they do not accept it. For example within some cultures, drinking alcohol is prohibited. Without this release mechanism certain frustrations may be expressed in certain ways that are disguised in cultures where drinking alcohol is viewed as a acceptable behaviour. Therefore a behaviour may be unique to that behaviour. The third aspect is that we may have culture- specific interpretations within us; this would mean that a behaviour is one thing, however what we take it to mean for ourselves and what sense we make from it, can be a totally different thing. An example of this would be that back in the past, certain women were discovered or rather accused of being witches because of culturally specific interpretations of their behaviour (Ussher 1992). The fourth aspect that Pfeiffer proposed was that we have not explored the variety of culturally specific ways of treating disorders, but folk medicine is a good example of the ways in which indigenous people treat their illnesses. Another good example would be that through western sciences, people can be cured from their illness like fever, cough and so on though the usage of drugs but in the Asian culture, the Chinese use natural sources such as herbs or use acupuncture to cure the same illness the western culture is curing but the only difference between the two cultures is the method that is being used. From this, if it is true that Culture bound syndromes are a form of folk illness that are to be treated by folk medicine, then this would mean that they are qualitatively inconsistent with the aims and purpose of the ICD and DSM. Though Pfeiffers view was different compared to Halls view, there are some similarities, and the most obvious one would be the fact that the syndrome is determined by the culture itself. This shows that both psychologists view believe that not every culture bound syndrome has to be under Western science and that it can be unique in its own way. Behaviours can be misunderstood and misinterpreted. What is considered normal in one culture may not be in another and vice versa. In a study in the early 1960s, Lee noted that out of a random sample of Zulu women more than a third had reported visual and auditory hallucinations involving angels, babies and little short hairy men. In the same study he found that more than half of the women engaged in screaming behaviour, often yelping for hours, days and even weeks. Either of these reported behaviours would be viewed as grossly abnormal in the west. Yet few of these women showed any other signs of mental disorder. Within their own culture their hallucinations and screaming were legitimate. Such a study shows that though not accepted globally, different societies have different morals and different beliefs. Zulus considered having hallucinations and screaming as acceptable and normal however such behaviours would be pathologised in the West. The opposite then can be true, behaviour can be deemed unacceptable or a mental illness if it violates a societys norms. Sam (1996) states that western psychological explanations dont account for all the experiences and behaviour of people from other cultures, psychology being western culture bound and blind to influences from elsewhere Culture-bound syndromes do not exist Yap (1974) has argued that human mental disorders are very broad and span across all culture and so it could be argued that the symptoms emerge from within the individual and these symptoms cluster together to form discrete categories of mental illness. The second point is that he believes comparative psychiatry aims to establish common links across cultures in a similar manner to the way in which comparative psychology explores links within humans which could be seen as culturally specific expressions of common human problems and disorders that are addressed by the ICD and the DSM. Yap also mentions that he believes that a CBS such as Latah is a local cultural expression of primary fear reaction. There are also other arguments which show that culture bound syndrome in fact do not exist. One example is that of Dhat, mentioned earlier. The British Journal of Psychiatryincludes a study called Culture-bound syndromes: the story of Dhat syndrome The study had two objectives; the first was to gather information on studies which were clinical and empirical about the syndrome called Dhat and to review the literature that was done. The second was to extract the information on historical data in different countries at different periods. The method in which they decided to do it was by manual literature searches and electronic literature searches in order to gain information. They did it on the existence and description of the semen-loss anxiety in different cultures and also settings. The result was that although Dhat syndrome usually came from Asia, the syndromes concepts, historically have been explained by other cultures in Britain, USA and Australia for example. This shows that fro m the sources gained, the symptoms show global prevalence of this condition, even though its mostly seen as a syndrome from the east. The conclusion they came up with was that It appears that  dhat  (semen-loss anxiety) is not  as culture-bound as previously thought. We propose that the  concept of culture-bound syndromes should be modified in line  with DSM-IV recommendations. Also when they were collecting and analysing the results they found out that semen loss anxiety in Western culture, Chinese culture and in the Indian subcontinent were the same and what their views on the loss of semen meant to them within the culture. In fact the historical information could be traced back to Aristotles time whilst on the Indian subcontinent this view could be found In Ayurvedic texts which are dated between the 5th millennium BC and the 7th century AD . This show that people think alike about same but its just called in different names. This is very significant as this supports wi th the universal idea where it is proposed that mental health disorders are universal and that culture bound syndromes are in fact just variations of the mental health disorders depending on what sort of symptoms they have. This supports the view that culture bound syndrome should not need a new diagnostic criteria due to it being variations as mentioned before. The British Journal of Psychiatryargues that the syndrome called taijin kyofusho from Japan is similar to the western category of social phobia. Both syndromes cause the patients to suffer an intensive fear about their bodies, body part or even body functions in which may be displeasing to other people. If we compare the syndrome taijin kyofusho with social phobia, both have symptoms like anxiety, although to different degrees, so we can say its the same syndrome or mental illness. Culture bound syndrome may in fact only be considered a syndrome for a specific culture in that it may not have all the symptoms from the western culture. Thomas Szasz an American psychologist also believed that the idea of culture bound syndromes existing is obsolete though he also believed that the idea of mental health disorders existing is also obsolete too. The idea on mental illnesses or mental health disorder in which Thomas Szasz has came up with is the idea in which that these dont really exist. He believed that these are just a myth as all the mental illnesses has no real evidence in which show they are a biological cause of mental illnesses. In a article about him by the new atlantis, Szasz mocked the efforts of almost every major American psychiatrist back to Benjamin Rush, the professions founding father. The subjects [mental diseases] have hitherto been enveloped in mystery, Rush wrote in the late eighteenth century. I have endeavored to bring them down to the level of all other diseases of the human body, and to show that the mind and the body are moved by the same causes and subject to the same laws. This was the error Szasz aimed to correct. This can be seen Within his The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct .It is a Thomas Szaszs classic book revolutionized thinking about the nature of the psychiatric profession and the moral implications of its practices. By diagnosing unwanted behavior as mental illness, psychiatrists, Szasz argues, absolve individuals of responsibility for their actions and instead blame their alleged illness. He also critiques Freudian psychology as a pseudoscience and warns against the dangerous overreach of psychiatry into all aspects of modern life. Thomas Szasz believes that psychiatry is just a social control system and not a truly medical science as he believed that psychiatry is nothing but just for people to deal with other peoples problems in living that has been troubling them in life on and on. Thomas Szasz also feels that psychiatry is nothing but a pseudo science that pretend its a medicine by using words in which would make psychiatry sound medical over the last century. From this Thomas Szasz show people that such ideas like mental health disorders and culture bound syndromes do not exist. Conclusion In conclusion, the culture bound syndromes do exist to some extent as people such as Yaps idea believe on the universal approach and believe that culture bound syndromes are just mental health disorders but just at a lower scale. Another psychologists who believe that culture bound doesnt exist is Thomas Szasz, though he also believes mental health disorders do not exists, his idea still nonetheless show it to be non-existence. However according to the article in the new Atlantic Szasz has been   passed into legend, bearing little resemblance to reality. At this time now Szasz is mostly remembered, if he is remembered at all, as the great silly, a flat-earth adherent in the time of telescopes and globes. Most medical students graduate without ever hearing his name. They believe that his believes and views are now obsolete and One can hardly be surprised if Szasz has assumed the role reserved for all failed revolutionaries. The British Journal of Psychiatryhave also done historical research on the culture bound syndrome Dhat where they looked at how the view of losing semen was approach. They found that the views were the same , where they all believed that semen are very precious and valuable and a undesirable trait. This show and supports the idea of universality where all mental health disorders exist everywhere and they are all the same. This shows that the culture bound syndrome Dhat was not really a culture bound syndrome and it could have been exaggerated. The journal has concluded within their research that since the Dhat syndrome is not really a culture bound syndrome they thought it would be, they suggested that the Dhat syndrome should modify its criteria along the lines which is similar to the DSM IV. This once again supports the universality idea. Unfortunately despite various arguments showing culture bound syndromes existence to be obsolete, there are still quite a few psychologists who have their own views and believes that show that that culture bound syndrome does in fact exist. A good example would be psychologist McCajor Halls believes. Hall believed that since culture bound syndromes are only present in specific cultures; he believed that so long a syndrome does not have all the symptoms that are from a western category it is indeed, a culture bound syndrome. McCajor Hall with his own views and ways lets people realize that, not all disorders or syndromes in fact have to be compared to western science nor does it have to be under a western category in mental health disorders and the syndromes can be in anywhere in different forms. The psychologist Pfeiffer also has his own views and believes strengthens the culture bound syndrome furthermore, saying that culture varies from one to another. Pfeiffer believed that one problem in one culture may not have the same problem in another culture and has mentioned that depending on the culture, behaviours can be only acceptable or unacceptable only according to their culture. From here we see that culture bound syndromes in fact do exists but not entirely and the extent in which it is exist may not be very high. What shows culture bound syndromes do exists, are from psychologists ideas such as Pfeiffer and Hall. Their views tells us that even though some culture bound syndromes may have similar symptoms from the western category on mental health disorders, it still is a culture bound syndrome. The reason for this is because the universal approach may lead to misdiagnosis. Also from Pfeiffers first point where one cultures problem is may not be the same as the other, we can see that in reality, its impossible to say that cultures all around the world have the same problem. This is quite true as there are a lot of mental health disorders in this world which have yet to be discovered and the psychologists and psychiatrists are yet at a level which can understand the human mind completely since its so complex. With this we can once again say that culture boun d syndromes exist.

Sa pagitan ng lumang libro :: Foreign Language Essays

Sa Pagitan ng Lumang Libro Chapter I: Bagong simula Isang araw habang nakaupo ako sa ilalim ng punong mangga, nasabi ko, â€Å"Hay naku, parang kailan lang natapos ang klase, magpapasukan na naman†. â€Å"May bago kaya akong kaklase? Doon pa rin kaya papasok ang mga kaibigan ko?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Ako nga pala si Roxanne Marie Lopez ang naglalahad ng storya ng buhay ko. Isang umaga,† Hay, 6:00 na ng umaga na pala, pasukan na, kailangan ko ng magmadali†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nang nasa skul na ako, una kong nakita si Ate Camille, skulmeyt ko, ganda ng bati ko nang mapalingon ako at mapansin si Lawrence, malapit na kaibigan ko kaso medyo nakakainis kasi masyadong manhid. Ay! Di ko pala naikukwento, crush ko pala siya di niya nga lang alam. Binati ko rin naman siya. Ang pinagtatakahan ko lang, nang paakyat na ako, nagtutumpukan ang mga estudyante, hindi ko nga alam ang dahilan. Tamang-tama dahil nakasalubong ko si Karen at sinabi niya sa akin na graba daw kami kaswerte dahil kaklase namin ang isang sikat na teen actor ng Japan. Siya si Kaijiro Natsume. Ang pelikula niya ay kasalukuyang pinapalabas ngayon sa paborito kong channel ko. â€Å"Ha?† sabi ko. Para kasing di kapani-paniwala, dito pa mismo sa silid-aralan naming. Napag-alaman ko pala na 17 gulang na pala siya. Ang layo ng edad sa amin. Pero syempre sa Japan may grade 7 talaga at pahinto hinto siya dahil sa mga pelikula na kanyang ginagawa. Pagkatapos ng ilang lingo, inayos na ng aming guro ang pwesto ng aming mga upuan, nakakagulat dahil katabi ko siya, kaya nga kapag kinakausap ko siya, hirap din akong mag-english e, pero nakakatuwa kasi ang talino niya sa Science at Math. Minsan naikwento niya pala sa akin na kaya siya nandito sa Pilipinas ay dahil may –business contract-ang pamilya at pagkatapos nito ay babalik na rin sila sa Japan. Nakakatuwa nga e, dahil may libre akong tutor sa lahat ng subjects kaya matataas lagi ang aking iskor sa mga pagsusulit. Isang araw may bakante kami oras sa hapon, naku! Nakatulog ang lolo, kaya umalis muna ako sandali, nang medyo nakakalayo na ako sa upuan ko, lumapit ang mga malalapit kong kaibigan na kaklase ko at sinabi nila â€Å"alam mo, napapansin ko malapit n a kayo niyang si Kaijiro, minsan nga ang –sweet- niyo kaya kinikilig kami palagi†. Sabi ko, â€Å"Ano ba kayo, syempre magkatabi kami natural magiging malapit na kaibigan ko siya†. â€Å"E papaano na si Lawrence, may gusto ka sa kanya di ba?

Distinguishing People Around the World: Social Structures and Social Institutions Essay

From a sociological perspective, it is both an oversimplification and an inaccuracy to conclude that people around the world, or even within the same country, are fundamentally the same. There are similarities. The scientific methodologies used by sociologists to study different types of human interactions and social facts instead suggest that people are different in important ways and that these differences must be considered when assessing human behavior objectively and normatively. One of the main conceptual aids to understanding how and why people are not fundamentally the same involves a key sociological distinction between social structures and social institutions. Social structures refer to patterns existing within a social system and are analytically divided into simple and complex types of social structures. A simple type of social structures is limited to roles and status designations along a set continuum; illustrative of this type of simplistic pattern might be age structures, gender structures, or ethnic background structures in a pyramid or pie-chart form. These are fairly exclusive patterns whereas the complex social structures derive their complexity from the fact that multiple social sources or interrelationships are constructed from existing roles and status designations. These patterns, or social structures, may differ around the world because of a variety of different factors. Age patterns in America differ from other countries, for example, because of such factors as medical technology, education, and even historical experiences with wars. Not only can these patterns be explained by social factors, but they can also be used to predict human behavior and social consequences in the future. Declining birth rates in America may foretell less tax revenue and social security burdens for seniors whereas increasing birthrates in Kenya may foretell fiercer competition for scare jobs and potential social dislocations. Social structures vary significantly, the patterns have different sources and consequences, and this is evidence that people are not the same everywhere; indeed, people are quite different in origins, in the present, and in the direction in which social forces are shaping the future. In addition, an examination of the social institution concept further supports the notion that people are not the same everywhere. The social institution is employed to help to explain how certain patterns of social structures emerge in the first instance; for example, patterns describing such social structures as gender or racial inequality find their causative origins in institutions. The social institution concept is therefore an analytical method for examining how social structures arise, persist, or transform into a new type of social structure. The family and religion are common areas for analysis in the sociological field; for purposes of illustration, religious institutions have and continue to affect patterns related to gender inequality in terms of access to education and income inequality. Religious institutions in Afghanistan and America, to be sure, are not the same; these different religious institutions affect the social structures that arise in these respective countries. Women are not the same in Afghanistan and America. These differences are explained from a sociological perspective by examining patterns in the form of social structures and by seeking to understand causation by examining institutions. In the final analysis, the empirical evidence strongly suggests that people are hardly the same everywhere. People are diverse, patterns vary internationally and even domestically in certain respects, and institutional change is frequently unpredictable to the extant that it can be occasioned by such fundamentally transformative events such as the Industrial Revolution, the Internet boom, and the globalization characterized by information technology and excess financial liquidity. Social structures and social institutions can aid in attempting to understand why we are different and how these differences might be minimized in order to prevent excessive types of social conflicts.

Reasons for the failure of Germany in World War II Essay

Backing to the year 1933, National Socialist Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany and began a massive rearming campaign. This worried France and the United Kingdom, who had lost much in the previous war, as well as Italy, which saw its territorial ambitions threatened by those of Germany. Hitler was convinced that fate had chosen him to rescue a humiliated nation from the shackles of the Versailles Treaty, from Bolsheviks and Jews. Thus he wanted to wage war in order to recover Germany. Eventually, in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland, the World War II’s European battleground began. On September 1st 1939, German armies invaded Poland and henceforth Hitler’s main energies were devoted to the conduct of a war he had unleashed to dominate Europe and secure Germany’s â€Å"living space†. The first phase of World War II was dominated by German Blitzkrieg tactics: sudden shock attacks against airfields, communications, military installations, using fa st mobile armor and infantry to follow up on the first wave of bomber and fighter aircraft. Poland was overrun in less than one month, Denmark and Norway in two months, Holland, Belgium, Luxemburg and France in six weeks. After the fall of France in June 1940 only Great Britain stood firm. Just as what he had prophesied at the end of January 1939, that â€Å"if the international financial Jewry within and outside Europe should succeed once more in dragging the nations into a war, the result will be, not the Bolshevization of the world and thereby the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe†.(Evans, R. J., 2005 ). For many points to the reparation payments that Germans had to pay after the first world war as the cause of this downturn. Both through envy and despise, he and many other Germans began to scapegoat the Jews as the cause of all their suffering. Jews were slaughtered during the World War II by German armies. Exactly as the film â€Å"Schindler’s List† (1993) directed by Steven Spielberg showed that the figure for the number of Jews who were killed in the Holocaust is about 5.7 million to 6.0 million. However, it was still the same country which was always be regarded as the strong during the whole process of World War II, Germany was one of the vanquished countries of WWII. It was concluded from the army strength and the historical evidence of the condition of the WWII that although Germany was powerful during the World War II, Germany was defeated by its vanity, without people’s support and Hitler’s dictatorship. According to Lowe, K (2012), by Ian Locke’s examining the British attainment of German industry. Although German economic was better than any other European countries at that time, German was still not enough powerful to wage the war. The advanced science and technology might help Germany equip its army well. Which leads to most of the German tanks and other weapons were way ahead of anything their opponents had to offer. Their tanks were faster, better armored and had a longer range than anything the allies had available. However, after America joined the war and supplied the British and Russians with armaments, the flood gates were opened and the battlefields were swamped by technically inferior but numerically superior weapons. Once overview the domestic ground condition of Germany in 1945. It was obviously that Germany made too many enemies. Germany during World War II, focusing particularly on the evidence gathered from archival sources at the Russian Federation’s Foreign Ministry Historical Documents Department. On April 27, 1945, the Soviet 70th Army of the 2nd Byelorussian Front under the management of Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky held the town of Prenzlau as part of the Soviet process to take Berlin, Germany. The reason to this tragic historical event is that Germany had not been fully focused on the defense for the camp. Meanwhile, Germany was also fighting against Great Britain. (Zaleeva, A. A., 2010) During the World War II, it was the period that airpower was the element of crucial importance. Losing airpower usually means losing the victory. Based on the record of the history by Harvey, A. D(2012). German Luftwaffe battled against the British Royal Air Force during the Air Battle of Britain in 1940. The Luftwaffe failed to properly identify their numerical advantages over the RAF within their missions. Including Nazi military leader Hermann Gà ¶ring, German Messerschmitt Bf109 military fighter planes, and U.S. Army Air Force Lieutenant James Doolittle. After the losses of the Air Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe never fully recovered. By 1944, they had lost control of the skies over most of Europe and were subject to 24hour bombing. It was because lack of airpower meant lack of photo reconnaissance, so the German high commands were making decisions without proper intelligence. Since losing the resource gates in the previous battle and having blind confidence about the airpower itself. The air warfare strategies used for bomber and fighter aircraft during both events. It was because German looked down upon the Royal Air Force, leading to the lack of airpower so that lacking of photo reconnaissance. Eventually it resulted in German failure of WWII. Moving to the reason why Nazi government could not gain people’s support. From the career of Albert Speer, principal architect of the Nazi regime, who played the role in the atrocities committed by Germany in World War II. Among his major responsibilities was the procurement of manpower to keep the Nazi factories in operation which played an important role in the organization of the Nazi forced-labor programs. Since labors were forced to work, they were not willi ng to do it, so German domestic residents were not support the war. They were working without their own willingness. In this case, not even to mention to gain any support from allies. Only the country who had the same objective by waging the war made friendship with Germany, most of other countries were standing against Germany, it also indicate that only through following people’s heart, can they lead a strong army. And Germany made too many enemies all over the world was another reason for its failure. (Forsgren, R. 2012) Last but seems to be the most general one is the system of organization. Looking back to Adolf Hitler’s biography, Strategy used by him to strengthen the violence on the roads; Purpose of the government for not legally banning communists; Connection between social democrats and communists; Reason behind the firing of judges, state prosecutors and judicial officials in Germany. Diplomatically, his style of leadership involved him personally taking all the major decisions, with little delegation. Under the circumstances, his dictatorship dominated Germany. Leading to a dictatorial government in which one person has absolute power, often backed by the military, over the entire country and its people. What is more, he removed certain rights from people, most of the time trespassed certain human rights.(Zaleeva, A. A. 2010) The mental state of general Germans at that time was blind and lack of personal thinking. The way they followed was the responsibility which was given by their nation, no matter it was right or not. Under this situation, the wrong war was waged. It could be concluded from the personal diary of August Tà ¶pperwien, a German Protestant, who was not a Nazi and however maintained a loyal nationalism to the end. In so doing, it probes the troubled morality of someone whose conflicting senses of personal duty and political obligation found their vent in pages of silent self-reflection, and so reveal with an unusual simplicity of the underlying frames of moral refe rence, which so often remain implicit and argued in the short-hand and rational of other diaries and family letters, let alone macro-level surveys of widely held attitude. From his personal feeling, the responsibility that led to Germany’s failure is that German’s soldiers wrongly regarded the support for the Nazi regime and for the war were the same thing then overrated their power to against the rest of the world. (Stargardt, N. 2010). World War II is the largest war in human’s history, which causes the most losses, either the number of casualties or economic losses, and brings human being disasters. It lasted for 6 years, more than 60 countries or regions took part in the war. The immediate cause of the outbreak of World War II is fascist regime, the rapid rise. Fascist rulers head of Germany, Italy, Japan in order to achieve the re-divide the world and expand their areas attempted to cause the War. With Germany was defeated in North Africa and Stalingrad. In 1943, with a series of German defeats in Eastern Europe, the Allied invasion of Fascist Italy, and American victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and under took strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. In April 1945, the Soviet Union occupied Berlin as Hitler committed suicide. Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7th, 1945. The war in Europe ended. Later 1945, World War II was completely ended with Japan’s unconditional surrender. Fortunately, this costed more than six years’ war eventually ended with the victory of the world anti-fascist alliance. Looking back to the history, by summing up the reasons why the result was occurred, it is reasonable that Germany would fail in this war obviously. Under Hitler’s dictatorial domination and the excitation with their early victory, Germany became more and more arrogant. Regarding they could achieve whatever they wanted to come true. Dreaming to dominate the other nations all over the world even without their domestic support. History was correct, it chose the victory deserved to win. Peaceful Americans, grieved British, tough and tensile Soviet and Chinese made great contribution to international public. No matter how it was negative at the beginning of the war, they never gave up. By taking up the vital point of Germany, international public finally made the gorgeous reversal come true. How foolish that German looked down upon such opponents! Although Germany was powerful during the World War II, Germany was defeated by its vanity, without people’s support and Hitler’s dictatorship eventually. References 1. Evans, R. J. (2005). Hitler’s Dictatorship. (Cover story). History Review, (51), 20-25. 2. Forsgren, R. (2012). The Architecture of Evil. New Atlantis: A Journal Of Technology & Society, 3644-62. 3. Harvey, A. D. (2012). The Battle of Britain, in 1940 and â€Å"Big Week,† in 1944: A Comparative Perspective. Air Power History, 59(1), 34-45. 4. Lowe, K. (2012). From the Archive. History Today, 62(2), 72. 5. Steven, S. (1993). Schindler’s List 6. Stargardt, N. (2010). The Troubled Patriot: German Innerlichkeit in World War II*. German History, 28(3), 326-342. 7. Zaleeva, A. A. (2010). Freeing Belgian Generals from the Prenzlau Nazi POW Camp. International Affairs: A Russian Journal Of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations, 56(4), 242-246.