Erics Wacky World of Words :: Free Essays Online

Erics Wacky World of WordsI dont work with small children with any frequency, nor have I been related to any for round years now. I am focusing instead on my own linguistic development, which is in fact rather complicated. I was born in the joined States, but raised speaking French. French was my first language, and by all accounts I was a precociously fluent speaker. I learned English much or little in parallel because I needed it to talk to my father, but I used French more often in conversing with my mother. bear out in the States for pre-school, I suddenly made the decision, according to my mother, that speaking French wasnt normal and so I wouldnt do it anymore. I would listen to her speak in French, but I spoke only in English, and she soon gave up. I became one more monolingual American child, and so discouraged my mother that by the time my brother was born, when I was 5, she didnt even bother to teach him French. I unfortunately remember nothing of my brothers language l earning process, however. On a cutting to France when I was 7, I by and large picked the language back up, making a conscientious effort to do so. I found, however, that while I had a fairly good intuitive grasp (being able to simply hear whether or not something is correct), I had lost the proper usage of such expand as pronouns and less common verb conjugations. This, to me, seems like it might be consistent with the order in which languages are learned, function morphemes coming towards the end of the process having had less time to practice and internalize these particular features of the language, they were the first to be forgotten when I quit speaking. Sadly, I can report little further do in French. My practice has been brief and infrequent, and while I am able to communicate fairly effectively, I can only read moderately rise and am almost entirely unable to write.However, in 9th grade, I began taking Spanish courses, and have done so more or less forever and a day for the past 4 years. Consistent with the view that adult language learning is very different (much more based in explicit memorization) than that of children, I am much more able to explicitly cite and explain rules of grammar, and to list memorized vocabulary and other words such as pronouns, than I am in French.

Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu’s Carmilla: Bram Stoker’s Inspiration for Dracu

Joseph Sheridan Le Fanus Carmilla Bram Stokers Inspiration for genus Dracula3 May. Bistritz. Left Munich at 835 p.m. Abraham Stoker in this unassuming way begins his Gothic masterpiece, Dracula (The Annotated Dracula 1). Dracula has been called imaginative and original. , and Harry Ludlam calls it the product of his own pictural imagination and imaginative research (Senf 41). However, the originality of Stokers Dracula is in doubt. By a similarity in the setting, characters and plot, in Bram Stokers Gothic work Dracula and the posthumously published short story Draculas Guest, Stoker is shown to have used Joseph Sheridan Le Fanus classic, Gothic, short story, Carmilla, as the basis and fervency for Bram Stokers vampiric masterpiece, Dracula. In 1897, Abraham Stoker published Dracula, a classic Gothic falsehood which continues to capture the hearts and imaginations of readers after nearly a century. The novel is written as a collection of journals, which are kept in a wide array of methods, letters and newspaper clippings. Dracula opens in east Europe with a young solisitor named Jonathan Harker traveling to Transylvanian castle. The castles owner, Count Dracula, is cruel in the manner of great evil, and uses Harker to have himself safely ferried to England and its fertile chase ground of London. Dracula soon becomes embroiled in the lives of a small group of friends who see him for the fiend that he is. These young people, aided by the ageing Dr. Van Helsing vow to see Dracula destroyed, and they succeed in driving him out of England and back to his homeland. They follow hard upon and catch him just before he reaches the safety of his castle. Within sight of safety, Jonathan Harker and Quency Morris behea... ...cula The lamia and the Critics. Ed. Margaret L. Carter. Studies in Speculative Fiction 19. Ann Arbor UMI, 1988. 231-45. Leatherdale, Clive. Dracula The Novel and The Legend. Wellingborough Aquarian, 1985. Le Fanu, James Sheridan. Carmilla. Vampire s Two Centuries of immense Vampire Stories. Ed. Alan Ryan. Garden City Doubleday, 1987. Melton, J. Gordon. The Vampire Book The Encyclopedia of the Undead. Detroit Visible Ink, 1994. Senf, Carol A. Introduction. The Critical Response to Bram Stoker. Ed. Carol A. Senf. Westport Greenwood, 1993. 1-41. Stoker, Bram. The Annotated Dracula. Ed. Leonard Wolf. New York Ballantine, 1975. ---. Draculas Guest. Vampires Two Centuries of Great Vampire Stories. Ed. Alan Ryan. Garden City Doubleday, 1987. Roth, Phyllis A. Bram Stoker. Twaynes English Authors Series 343. Boston Twayne, 1982.

Databases and Y2K :: Computers

Databases and Y2KIntroduction Tremendous problems loom just around the corner fororganizations that use two-digit grades (i.e. 1-9-97). How tough couldit be to change the year from 1999 to 2000? The Year 2000 Problemcannot be fixed by simply resetting a computers internal clock onJanuary 1, 2000. Computers whitethorn be smart, but their programmers werentvery farsighted. In the 60s and 70s, many businesses were looking tocut costs and because computer storage space was expensive at the time,programmers decided to cut year dates to two digits (i.e., 1969 became69). It doesnt sound analogous a major error, but computers are extremelydate-sensitive. Computers routinely add and subtract digits in a dateto make a variety of analytical calculations, ranging from travelreservations to how much interest one has accrued on a savingsaccount. The problem lies in the fact that many computers designatecentury info using only two digits, 00, and pull up stakes read 2000 as 1900.And the bug affects more than just computer systems. Many manufacturershave built products with software instruction manual embedded onto chipsequipment ranging from fax machines to auto assembly lines could all beaffected by the bug.Whats the Problem? For many organizations, the Year 2000 Problem hasbecome the most heterogeneous project management exercise ever undertaken.The reasons for this are multi-factored. For starters, we are lessthan 13 months away from Year 2000 yet many organizations are just right awaypaying attention to it.1 There is no way to avoid the fact that ourinformation systems are based on a faulty standard that will cost theworldwide computer community billions of dollars in programming effort.This bug touches on all areas of an organization, and the complexityof analyzing and quantifying the scope of the problem, repairing andreplacing infected items, conducting adequate testing activities andfinally, implementing ninefold interrelated hardware, systems andsoft ware can be overwhelming. Compounding the difficulty is the lack ofawareness in general regarding the potential risks, and the fact thatthe project is driven by a series of hard dates. In addition, manyorganizations have further complicated the process by beginning their eDatabases and Y2K How might Y2K affect databases that, in turn, affectour everyday lives? Lets take your bank account. As the 1999 turnsover to 2000, your banks computer may calculate that your accountdeserves an additional 100 years interest. Of course, its alsopossible you may be penalized for being 100 years overdue on your loanpayment Or suppose you have some data records and want to signifier them by

Traits Of Adolf Hitler :: essays research papers

"He Failed as a student in unpolluted secondary schools, a situation that contributed to his desire to become an artist. He went to Vienna in 1903. His years there were characterized by melancholy, aimlessness, and racial hatred,"stated by Alan steer (Allen Bullock 1962, 97). This does not sound like the life of a the future leader of Germany. But what Adolf Hitler lost in scholastics he made up for it and so some in leadership skills. Hitler, having great leadership skills, showed that leadership skills can be more important than brain magnate.A good education was something that Adolf Hitler did not excite. He dropped out of school at the age of sixteen, spending only 10 years in school. Sadly, he didnt hitherto overtake into a art academy, even though it was his goal in life to become an artist. Arthur Schlesinger says that "However in his last year of school he failed German and Mathematics, and only succeeded in secondary school and Drawing. He drooped out of school at the age of 16, spending a total of 10 years in school,"(Arthur M. Schlesinger 1985, 14) Even though he didnt have a normal amount of education, he still became the leader of Germany. Adolf Hitler, nevertheless, was a great orator and when he spoke, everybody listened. He some quantify spoke several times a day, moving from town to town seemingly tireless. Ken McVay had this to say about this subject, "He was a tireless speaker and before he came to power would sometimes give as many as three or four speeches on the same day, often in different cites. Even his opponents pretend that he is the greatest orator that Germany has ever known,"sic(Ken McVay 1995, (Internet)). Though he didnt have a good education his orator skill, which is a leadership skill, helped him achieve his goal.Along with being a tireless orator, Hitler also possessed the quality to make everybody listen to him, a quality that most, not including Mr. Marcero, saline high school teachers coul d use. He would get the audience by telling them what they wanted to hear, then he would manipulate the people to arose their emotions. "His power and Fascination in speaking lay almost totally in his ability to sense what the given audience wanted to hear and then to manipulate his theme in such a way that he would arouse the emotions of the crowd,"(Strasser 1993, (Internet)).

Killing is Easy, Living is Hard :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Killing is Easy, Living is HardI did my best to kill Bobby Ackerman new-fashioned one April night when we were both seventeen. We were speeding graduate a two-lane highway, a ncursor trail of asphalt that sailed take away a ridge and down into a long, sweeping right- cut into turn and then rushed past a white stucco planetary house with a tile roof, a house that crowned the hill beyond a quaint covered bridge over a dry creek bed running parallel to the road. We were travel toward a little town named Crane, and we were flying. Geez, man, Bobby said. I looked toward the passenger seat as the Plymouth dug into the arc of the curve. Bobbys eyes were wide. Slow down, slow down. Bobby grasped the armrest with one hand and braced his left leg against the hump in the floorboard. I could smell the beer on his breath as he fought to stay in the seat. The old sedan chair wallowed back toward the right lane. It was the first time Id driven his car. But it wasnt Bobbys car, really. It was h is dads. His dad was a railroad engineer, complete with the traditional bib overalls and cloth cap. Bobby was my friend, trapped want me in the last year of high school. But he was different. I was secretive, sullen, and sarcastic, but Bobby was outgoing, with an ever-present desire to please sometimes amplified by a toffy manic energy. I liked beer, the drug of choice for our generation, but Bobby liked beer too much. That night he needed someone to drive him home. Now I had the old car racing down the road and off the ridge at something close to 80 mph simply because that was all the speed I could wring out of it. Id made one turn, but there was one more ahead before we entered the valley and the town that lay astraddle a creek. The next turn was a sharp, banking left-hander, edged by a dozen or so white posts laced together by steel cables, and oncoming traffic was obscured by a little hill. I caught a glimpse of a yellow sign ahead, one marked with a black arrow curving around the words 35 mph, but I didnt lift my foot from the accelerator. My hands chased the steering wheel, persuading, begging the car to stay off the limestone bluff to the right, and the old sedan was reluctant, never steady, demanding one correction after another.

Killing is Easy, Living is Hard :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Killing is Easy, Living is HardI did my best to kill Bobby Ackerman late one April night when we were twain seventeen. We were speeding down a two-lane highway, a narrow trail of asphalt that sailed off a ridge and down into a long, sweeping right wing turn and then rushed past a white stucco house with a tile roof, a house that crowned the hill beyond a quaint covered bridge over a dry creek bed running parallel to the road. We were descending toward a little town named Crane, and we were flying. Geez, man, Bobby said. I looked toward the passenger seat as the Plymouth dug into the arc of the curve. Bobbys eyes were wide. Slow down, slow down. Bobby grasped the armrest with one hand and braced his left limb against the hump in the floorboard. I could smell the beer on his breath as he fought to stay in the seat. The old taphouse wallowed back toward the right lane. It was the depression time Id driven his car. But it wasnt Bobbys car, really. It was his dads. His dad was a rail road engineer, complete with the traditional bib overalls and cloth cap. Bobby was my friend, trapped like me in the last form of high school. But he was different. I was secretive, sullen, and sarcastic, but Bobby was outgoing, with an ever-present desire to please sometimes amplified by a brittle manic energy. I like beer, the drug of choice for our generation, but Bobby liked beer too much. That night he needed someone to drive him home. Now I had the old car hotfoot down the road and off the ridge at something close to 80 mph simply because that was all the speed I could wring out of it. Id do one turn, but there was one more ahead before we entered the valley and the town that lay astraddle a creek. The next turn was a sharp, banking left-hander, edged by a dozen or so white posts laced together by steel cables, and oncoming traffic was obscured by a little hill. I caught a glimpse of a yellow sign ahead, one marked with a black arrow curving around the run-in 35 mph, but I didnt lift my foot from the accelerator. My hands chased the steering wheel, persuading, begging the car to stay off the limestone bluff to the right, and the old sedan was reluctant, never steady, demanding one correction after another.

Mine Sweeping System Using Image Processing

MINE SWEEPING SYSTEM USING IMAGE ProcessingAbstractions tap brush trunk is entirely designed for observing mines in peculiar user defined country. It uses a chocolate application from the user country and at any rate it consists of robot which plays a cardinal function in the safe organization. The Java application and the zombi spirit agreement works together to give an efficient ashes. The Java application is besides known as waiter and the automaton system communicate each other finished wireless transmittal. In this system the valet contact with the automaton is non required. The Java application is used to command the full(a) mine sensing procedure. The optical eat vector, the automaton altogetheriance and realistic map of the location of the automatons ar displayed on the screen of the waiter computing machine. Besides, the antecedently consequences that is the automatons that has searched for mines pull up stakes besides be available or displayed for the user . So, that no demand of function for mines once more and once more in same country or pragmatic grid. The obtained database consequences are so uses to optimise thee mine brushing procedures in the hereafter through a LRU ( Least late used ) algorithm.The Robot system is aligned with a camera and uses a self-navigating algorithm with the obstruction bend away implemented utilizing optical flow. The optical flow which is produced at bottom the milieus of the automaton system is registered utilizing the on board camera and by utilizing frame processing methods the like Image cleavage, Edge sensing and grouping, mean(a) filtrating thresholding procedure and by the vector computations, the hacking so-and-so be obtained. The automatons will work in a spontaneous practical grid and a existent clip map of the mine sweeping mathematical operation is displayed on the waiter system. Actually, the automatons will cipher the really shortest way within the grid while seeking and observi ng for the mines. The automatons commune with each other utilizing swarm engineering in order to carry through the undertaking.IntroductionThe robotic function of this mine sensing is a new procedure whereas the procedure of mine sensing is chiefly carried over by the worlds itself. They used to have on some(a) protective cogwheel and some instruments with which they detect mines. There is a batch of hazard involved in this manner of mine sensing as no 1 can think the happening or the appendage of the blast. Hence so the usage of manual automatons in which they are guided by a user to observe or study a peculiar 1 for a mines therefore came into being. But these manner of observing mines was non much helpful as the manual navigate of the automaton of a certain country be come afters tiresome largely over a big terrain.Therefore the demand for automatic automaton comes over when the user is non all required in voyaging the automaton. The robot hunt in a minded(p) country for the mi nes and the co-ordinates of their places are often launch to the waiter system. These automatons are plotted of a practical grid which is produced on the waiter system and their location can be tracked down. When a mine is discover the co-ordinate is sent back to the sever system and the symbol is marked on the practical grid denominating the sensing of mine much(prenominal) as co-ordinates, topographic point, clip, country all stored in the database. The user can so analyze the database to acquire the necessary cultivation narrow down the hunt country. We used methods such as shortest way algorithm and chiefly determine processing for obstruction turning away. Engagement of homo in the full sensing is non at all needed or zero.CONCEPTS AND FEATURESOptical flowOptical flow or eyepiece flow is the form of evident gesture of objects, surfaces and borders in a ocular scene caused by the comparative gesture between an perceiver and the scene 1 Optical flow computation utilizing L ucas cascade methodThe gesture of borders, surfaces and objects in a scene which raised by the gesture between an perceiver and scene is known as optical flow. The optical flow can be applied is obstacle turning away and self-alignment of driving circuit of the automaton.Calculation of optical flowLet us see ii frames of clip T and a?t at a place. The optical flow is calculated between this frames with the aid of a Taylor series method by utilizing partial bloodline based on spacial and temporal coordnates. For a 2D+Tdimensional instance ( 3D orN-D instances are similar ) a voxel at locationwith strengthwill hold moved by,andbetween the two image frames, and the followersbrightness stability restraintcan be givenAssuming the motion to be little, the image restraint atwithTaylor seriescan be developed to acquireH.O.T.From these equations it follows thatorwhich consequences inwhereare theandconstituents of the make haste or optical flow ofand,andare the derived functions of the ima ge atin the corresponding waies.,andcan be written for the derived functions in the followers.Thereforeor 1 & A 2 This is an equation in two terra incognitas and can non be solved as such. This is known as theaperture problemof the optical flow algorithms. To happen the optical flow another set of equations is needed, given by some extra restraint. All optical flow methods introduce extra conditions for gauging the existent flow.In the mine sensing procedure optical flow is used for chiefly observing the object, hacking and besides for the robot pilotage.IMAGE SEGMENTATIONImage cleavage is the procedure of partitioning a digital image into six-fold sections which are sets of pels, besides known as ace pels. The end of cleavage is the simplify and/or alteration the representation of an image into something that is more pregnant full and easier to analyse. Image cleavage is typically used to turn up objects and boundaries which include lines, curves. In image more exactly image cl eavage is the procedure of delegacy a label to every pel in an image such that pels with the same label portion certain features.The basic measuring rod for image convalescence by mercantile establishment is the computation of the ocular characteristics.The necessity to observe the object as a whole and non merely portion of it has been approved utilizing a intercrossed cleavage technique based on border sensing, part growth and optical flow processs.Image cleavage proves to be an of import measure in ciphering the navigational consequences of the automaton system. 1 & A 2 .Detection is based on object colour or strength contrast with the environing background. regardless of the type of detector noise is ever present for cut downing these types of noises we use assorted types of filters.Median FilterMedium filter is a nonlinear method used to have noise from images. It is widely used as it is really effectual at taking noise while continuing borders. The average filter plan ts by traveling through the image pel by pel, replace each value with the average value of vicinity pels. The form of neighbours is called the window, which pel by pel over the full image. The median is calculated first screening all the pel values from the window into numerical over, and so replacing the pel being considered with the in-between pel value 3 Threshold MethodIt is besides known as image threshold. In this method, we introduce a new mechanism for observing the landmine. We merely convert the grayscale and cold images into binary or block/white images with specific threshold value or whitethorn be varies.Atmega 32 littlecontrollerThe microcontroller we use in the mine sensing procedure for cryptography is the Atmega 32 which has characteristics such as.High public presentation, low power Atmel 8-bit micro accountantAdvanced reduced instruction set computing architecture133 powerful instructions- most signal clock rhythm executing328 general intent working registry + peripheral control registryFully inactive operation The microcontroller on with the L298 will be used to run the automaton automatically.Figure Atmega 32 Microcontroller constellationXbee pro communication facultyThe action between the automaton system and waiter system is formed through a Xbee faculty which acts as a trans manslayer by procuring consecutive communicating utilizing the UART .Consecutive CommunicationssThe Xbee/Xbee-pro RF faculties port to a waiter ruse through a logic degree asynchronous consecutive port. Through its consecutive port the faculty can interact with any logic and electromotive force compatible VART or through a degree transcriber to any consecutive device.UART informations flowDevicess that have a vart port can link straight to the pins of the RF faculty.Figure UART environment Xbee pro system issue Control DI ( Data In ) BufferWhen the consecutive information enters RF faculty through the DI pin, the information is stood in the DI buffer until it can be processed.Hardware flow control ( CTS ) when the DI buffer is 17bytes off from being full by default, the faculty assert CTS to signal to the host device to halt directing informations CTS is re asserted after the DI buffer has 34 bytes of memory available.Flow control DO ( Data Out )When the RF information is received, the informations so enters the DO buffer and is sent out the consecutive point to a host device. Once the DO buffer reduces capacity, any extra entrance RF information is lost.Hardware flow control ( RTS ) If RTs is enabled for flow control, informations will non be sent out the DO buffer every bit long as RTS is de- asserted.Therefore in this manner Xbee pro faculty questions to be an efficient trans receiver which initiates a 2nd VART channel. We create a templet foremost to carry through the papers processing demands. The others services will merely necessitate idiosyncratic clip activation.SYSTEM DESIGNThe full mine sweeping system is categor ized into three parts. They areWaiter with Java ApplicationRobot system with drove engineeringWireless communicating systemFigure Block diagram system of Mine brushingFigure Microcontroller and architecture communicatingFigure On Board camera and system communicatingWith the aid of net beans application the user controls the full system. At first the user writes a start bid in the Java application. Data will be send to the UART channel through wireless consecutive communicating.The start bid is received by the GB Xbee faculty on the automaton system and it triggers the micro accountant.After triping the micro accountant it invariably transmit a signal to the driving circuit with the aid of UART channel which portray the practical grid.The alterations are decrypt by the Java application and it was created on GEY at the same clip.This methodological analysis proceeds the circuit until the automaton achieves at the terminal of the self-created practical map.When the micro accountant i s triggered it sends informations non merely to the drive circuit but besides to on board IP camera through a radio web device ( router ) to get down the image processing faculty.After triping of the IP camera it captures the images of the practical grid and so it sends the information to the image processing faculty in which image cleavage optical flow consequences are generated.After finishing of the cringle the automaton sends a stop bid to the waiter.Software demands specificationTo put to death the mine sweeping system the user foremost enter the applicationThe automaton starts its procedure of seeking when it receives bid from the waiterThe automaton more over follows a optical flow which can be obtained by utilizing the on board IP camera. With the aid of optical flow method the automaton can avoid the obstructions and it itself align a practical map.The automaton so selects a shortest way on the practical grid to observe the mines.In this procedure the camera gaining control the image and the informations will be send to the image processing faculty in which mines can be detected by image cleavage procedure.After the image cleavage the information will be send to the waiter and shop in a information base.Here LRU algorithm is used to better the mine searching, observing and efficiency.PremisesThe distance between the client and the automaton should non be exceeded more than 500mtrs for good consequences.DependencesThe connexion strength of UART is changeless. The automaton system must hold a changeless power supply all the generation for accurate consequences.System characteristicsThe system consists of different characteristics to individual the trading operations. They are chiefly divided into Database StorageIn this system this database entrepot plays a chief function. This storage system is used to hive away the images which was taken by on board camera. Here SQL database is developed and used to hive away consequences the automaton system and w ith the aid of JDBC connexion it was connected to java applicationPrecedencesWith the aid of database the information will be stored manipulate and updated all the informations performed by the automaton is on the constituents. The illustrations are mine figure, location or country, count of mines etc.FunctionalRequirementsThe functional demands are nil but characteristics which are provided to stop users the full system has 3 submarine faculties they areJava application facultyImage processing facultyRobot facultyJava application facultyJava faculty is chief portion in the system from this lone the user starts the procedure by come ining the country of practical grid with this application we can besides see the full map with the aid of UART in which automaton performs operations. After finishing operations the applications records the consequence for users java beans 7.0 is used to develop this application.Image processing facultyThis faculty plays an of import key in the full sy stem. By this the designation and reparation of mines was done. Here by utilizing image cleavage the mark is identified by the size form and visual aspect, this procedure is done by labelling procedure. In the image cleavage at first the gaining control image is labeled in to parts and so it converted in to black and white image so it subdivide the image harmonizing at that place sizes, forms and constructions. By utilizing these features the mark can be estimated of a mark assurance degree. Image cleavage is non sufficient for placing the mines so we use different mine field forms which can be find in survived part.Robot system facultyThisconsists of micro accountant which generates the map and performs the operation when user gives a bid.Safety and Security RequirementsDue to connexion failures and micro accountant lapses the system may be crashed to over this state of affairs the robot resets and show approximately message to the user.The radio web is based on SSID user and watc hword, which consists of unafraid connexion.ApplicationsIt consist of user friendly GUI.Known human contact is needed.All the communicating is through radio and web.The user can manually overrule the system.ConclusionThe chief of the research is to develop a system which has a capableness of finding an object or mine. Here we used feeling techniques image cleavage and acknowledgment and faculties

Death and Absurdism in Camus’s The Stranger Essay

In his novel The Stranger1, Albert Camus gives expression to his philosophy of the absurd. The novel is a first-person account of the smell of M. Meursault from the conviction of his mothers finish up to a time unvarnishedly just before his exploit for the murder of an Arab. The central theme is that the significance of human life is still only in light of mortality, or the fact of death and in showing Meursaults consciousness change through the course of events, Camus shows how facing the misadventure of death does have an effect on iodins perception of life. The novel begins with the death of Meursaults mother.Although he attends the funeral, he does not request to inflict the body, though he draws it interesting to think about the effects of heat and humidity on the rate of a bodys decay (8). It is evident that he is al to the highest degree totally unaffected by his mothers death nothing changes in his life. In other words, her death has little or no real significance for him. When he hears Salamano, a neighbor, weeping over his lost dog (which has evidently died), Meursault thinks of his mother but he is unaware of the joining his mind has made. In fact, he chooses not to dwell on the matter but goes to sleep instead (50).It is when he is on the beach with Raymond Sintes and M. Masson and they confront two Arabs (who have given Raymond trouble) that Meursault first absorbms to think about the insignificance of any action on that pointfore of human existence. He has a gun and it occurs to him that he could shoot or not shoot and that it would come to the same thing (72). The loss of a life would have no significance no affect on life as a whole and the universe itself is apparently totally indifferent to everything.Here he implicitly denies the existence of God, and and then denies morality, as well as the external implication (if it may be so distinguished from the internal or individual existential meaning) of life and death. (This lat ter, existential meaning is later affirmed, as we shall see. )Meursault kills one of the Arabs in a moment of confusion, partially out of self-defense, but does not regret it eve though it means going to prison and, ultimately, existence executed. He has the fatalistic feeling that whats done is done, and later explains that he has never regretted anything because he has always been to absorbed by the present moment or by the immediate future to dwell on the past (127).In a smack, Meursault is always aware of the meaninglessness of all endeavors in the face of death he has no ambition to advance socio-economically he is indifferent about being friends with Raymond and about marrying Marie etc. But this ken is somehow never incisive enough to involve self-awareness that is, he never reflects on the meaning of death for him until he is in prison awaiting execution. Of course, the meaning of anothers death is kind of difference from the meaning of ones own death. With the former , one no longer sees that person again with the latter, ones very consciousness, as farthest as we know, just ends blit as a television picture ends when the set is switched off.Death marks all things equal, and equally absurd. And death itself is absurd in the sense that reason or the rational mind cannot deal with it it is a foregone conclusion, yet it remains an unrealized possibility until some indeterminate future time. The meaning of death is not rational but, again, is existential its implications are to be found not in abstraction but in the actuality of ones life, the finality of each moment. Before his trial, Meursault passes the time in prison by sleeping, by reading over and over the newspaper story about the (unrelated) murder of a Czech, and by recreating a mental picture of his room at home in complete detail, down to the scratches in the furniture.In this connection, it must be admitted that he is externally very sensitive and aware, despite his lack of self-und erstanding and emotional response. This is evidence by his detailed descriptions. He is especially sensitive to natural beauty the beach, the glistering water, the shade, the reed music, swimming, making love to Marie, the evening hour he like so much, etc. He even says that if forced to live in a hollow tree truck, he would be content to watch the sky, passing birds, and clouds (95). After his trial (in which he is sentenced to be executed), he no longer indulges in his memories or passes the time in the frivolous way he was accustomed to spend Sundays at home.At first, he dwells on thoughts of escape. He cannot reconcile the calamity of his sentence (Why guilt? Why sentenced by a French court rather than a Chinese one? Why was the verdict read at eight pm rather than at five? etc. ) with the mechanical certainty of the process that leads inevitably to his death (137). When he gives up trying to find a loophole, he finds his mind ever returning either to the vexation that dawn would bring the guards who would lead him to be executed, or to the hope that his appear go out be granted.To try to distract himself from these thoughts, he forces himself to study the sky or to listen to the beating of his heart but the changing light reminds him of the passing of time towards dawn, and he cannot imagine his heart ever stopping. In dwelling on the discover of an appeal, he is forced to consider the possibility of denial and thus of execution therefore, he must face the fact of his death whether it comes now or later. One he really, honestly admits deaths inevitability, he allows himself to consider the chance of a successful appeal of being set free to live perhaps forth more years before dying. Now he begins to see the value of each moment of the life before death.Because of death, nothing matters except being alive. The meaning, value, significance of life is only seen in light of death, yet most people miss it through the denial of death. The hope of long er life brings Meursault great joy. Perhaps to end the maddening uncertainty and thus intensify his awareness of deaths inevitability (therefore of the actuality of life), or, less likely, as a gesture of hopelessness, Meursault turns down his right to appeal (144).Soon afterwards, the prison chaplain insists on talking to him. Meursault admits his fear but denies despair and has no interest in the chaplains belie in an afterlife. He flies into rage, finally, at the chaplains persistence, for he realizes that the chaplain has not adequately assessed the human condition (death being the end of life) or, if he has, the chaplains certainties have no meaning for Meursault and have not the real value of, say, a mountain chain of a womans hair (151). Meursault, on the other hand, is absolutely certain about his own life and forthcoming death.His rush of anger cleanses him and empties him of hope, thus allowing him finally to open up completely and for the last time to the benign indif ference of the universe (154). He realizes that he always been happy. The idea of death makes one aware of ones life, ones vital being that which is impermanent and will one day end. When this vitality is appreciate, one feels free for there is no urgency to perform some act that will cancel the possibility of death, seeing as though there is no such act.In this sense, all human activity is absurd, and the real freedom is to be aware of life in its actually and totally, of its beauty and its pain. ALBERT CAMUS THE STRANGER WHAT IF THE PAST HAS NO importee AND THE ONLY POINT IN TIME OF OUR LIFE THAT REALLY MATTERS IS THAT POINT WHICH IS HAPPENING AT PRESENT. TO MAKE MATTERS WORSE, WHEN LIFE IS OVER, THE EXISTENCE IS ALSO OVERTHE rely OF SOME SORT OF SALVATION FROM A GOD IS POINTLESS. ALBERT CAMUS ILLUSTRATES THIS EXACT VIEW IN THE STRANGER. CAMUS FEELS THAT ONE EXISTS ONLY IN THE WORLD strong-armLY AND THEREFORE THE strawman OR ABSENCE OF MEANING IN ONES LIFE IS ALONE REVEALED TH ROUGH THAT EVENT WHICH HE OR SHE IS EXPERIENCING AT A special MOMENT. THESE THOUGHTS ARE PRESENTED THROUGH MEURSAULT, A MAN DEVOID OF CONCERN FOR SOCIAL CONVENTIONS FOUND IN THE WORLD IN WHICH HE LIVES, AND WHO FINDS HIS LIFE DEPRIVED OF PHYSICAL PLEASUREWHICH HE DEEMS QUITE IMPORTANTWHEN UNEXPECTEDLY PUT IN PRISON.THE OPENING LINE OF THE unfermented SETS THE TONE FOR MEURSAULTS DISPASSION TOWARDS MOST THINGS. THE NOVEL IS INTRODUCED WITH THE WORDS MAMAN DIED TODAY. OR YESTERDAY MAYBE, I DONT KNOW (3). ALTHOUGH THE UNCERTAINTY ORIGINATES WITH AN AMBIGUOUS TELEGRAM, IT SEEMS THAT THE TON MIDDLE OF PAPER OR THEIR EMOTIONS IN GENERAL. HE DOES NOT FOLLOW CONVENTIONAL SOCIAL BELIEFS NOR DOES HE BELIEVE IN GOD, NOR SALVATION.MEURSAULT HOWEVER LOVES HIS LIFE. IT IS A PURE LOVE DERIVED FROM ENJOYING HIS EXISTENCE ON A daily BASIS, RARELY LOOKING BACK AND NEVER LOOKING FORWARD. HIS LOVE IS NOT DEPENDENT ON DOING WHAT SOCIETY OR SOME RELIGION HAS DEEMED CORRECT, BUT ON WHAT HE FEELS HE WANTS TO DO DESPITE WHAT MOST WOULD CONSIDER COMMON. WORK CITED CAMUS, ALBERT. THE STRANGER. TRANS. MATTHEW WARD. NEW YORK VINTAGE INTERNATIONAL, 1989.IN ALBERT CAMUS THE STRANGER THE STORY OF AN ORDINARY MAN WHO GETS gaunt INTO A SENSELESS MURDER IS TOLD. TAKING PLACE IN ALGERIA THIS MAN, MEURSAULT, IS eer IN A CLIMATE OF EXTREME WARMTH, AS ARE ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREIN. THE lie, THE come OF LIGHT AND THE CAUSE OF THIS WARMTH, IS THUS A VITAL AND NORMAL PART OF HIS LIFE.IT BRINGS WARMTH AND COMFORT YET IT CAN ALSO CAUSE PAIN AND SICKNESS. end-to-end MOST OF HIS LIFE MEURSAULT HAS LIVED WITH THE CONFLICTING FORCES OF THE SUN AND LIGHT, AS A FRIEND AND FOE. HOWEVER IN CHAPTER 6 THESE FORCES BECOME UNBALANCED AND THE SUN BECOMES AN AGGRESSOR make MEURAULT PHYSICAL PAIN AND JOLTING HIM INTO VIOLENT ACTION.ALTHOUGH THE SUN BECOMES INCREASINGLY AGGRESSIVE AS THE NOVEL TRANSPIRES, IN THE BEGINNING ITS FORCES WERE BALANCED CAUSING SOME sound AND SOME BAD EFFECTS. THE MOST EVIDENCE OF THE SUN AS A FOE IS FOUND DURING MEURSAULTS MOTHERS WAKE AND FUNERAL. DURING THE WAKE MEURSAULT IS CONSTANTLY BLINDED BY THE BRIGHT LIGHT. THIS COMBINED WITH THE WHITENESS OF THE ROOM MAKES HIS EYES HURT. HOWEVER, THIS SAME LIGHT ALSO CREATES A GLARE ON THE WHITE WALLS. do HIM DROWSY AND ALLOWING HIM RESPITE FROM THE KNOWLEDGE OF HIS MOTHERS DEATH. SO, ALL AT ONCE LIGHT WAS GOOD AS WELL AS BAD FOR MEURSAULT. AGAIN, DURING THE FUNERAL WITH THE SUN BEARING DOWN THE HEAT WAS INHUMAN AND OPPRESSIVE, CAUSING MEURSAULT GREAT PHYSICAL DISCOMFORT. YET, IN THE SAME TOKEN, THE HEAT IS ALSO MAKING IT HARD FOR MEURSAULT TO THINK refined THEREBY ALLOWING HIM AN ESCAPE FROM HIS MOTHERS DEATH. NOT ALL OF THE SUNS EFFECTS HAVE A FLIP SIDE HOWEVER end-to-end THE NOVEL THE SUN DOES MEURSAULT A LOT OF GOOD, BY WARMING HIM AND MAKING HIM FEEL ALIVE. THUS, ALTHOUGH BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SITUATIONS COME FROM THE

Hamlet †Act 3 Scene 2 Essay

In this eyeshot, staged in the Great Hall of Elsinore, critical points cunning think to determine his uncles guilt comes together. Hiring players to act out a play based on his fathers death (as his fathers shadowiness described it), he awaits Claudius reaction.The whole catch of this is Hamlet putting to rest his insecurity over the matter, once he discovers for certain Claudius did murder his father and was the snake in the grass in the orchard, only then can Hamlet feel at rest and kill him. This look is peerless of the many examples passim the play which demonstrates one of many weaknesses in Hamlets personality, in which he comes across as immensely pensive and changeable about nearly everything.The significance of the scene is evident in that both Hamlet and Claudius plotting each others death begins here. For Hamlet as he is now finally at ease with what his fathers ghost told him earlier in the play, thus he can now kill his uncle without any remorse and for Claudius as he is now alarmed to the item Hamlet is aware of his crime.Although this scene shows a negative side to Hamlet, we similarly get a glimpse of Hamlet as an intellectual. He takes role as an authority on acting, advising that the actors should use moderation and not to excess (even though this is a contradiction in sense as his relentless verbal entrancement to Ophelia earlier in the play suggests).There is reason to believe that it is in fact Shakespeare himself shining through Hamlet in this scene, commenting on acting flaws such as overacting, corpsing (dramatic term for inadvertently laughing whilst in character) and the unpredictability of an audience.Also worth mentioning here is the players speech. Throughout the play, the actors speak in rhyme depending on the character they take the role as. Giving an indication to the audience of their class, as prose is an indication of lower social status. A character such as a king or queen however, use blank verse in this sense .Hamlets antic disposition is evident throughout the play and it is used to full effect in this scene. After briefing the players on their task for the stage, Claudius, Gertrude, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Polonius and his daughter Ophelia enter the Great Hall. What follows is what Id present as an amusing parody where Hamlet throws verbal daggers at everyone in range, the aim of this is to once again remind the group that he is insane, but also reveals some true feelings towards certain individuals.He begins by intentionally misunderstanding Claudius greeting and states that his earlier promise of Hamlet succeeding him is empty air or untrue. Gertrudes invitation to Hamlet for him to sit with her is also answered with an insult (possibly a misleading hint to Hamlets Oedipus complex), this time remarking that his mothers appearance is horrible or as he put itHeres metal more attractive.Polonius is next and branded Brutus and a fool, cleverly Hamlet achieves this using puns of bea stly and calf.Ophelia, however comes off worst for wear in my opinion. Hamlets verbal treatment of his love interest is cruel and filled with grating jokes with the main theme of sex. The references to Ophelias nothing (her genitalia) and country matters (sexual intercourse) is without a shadow of a doubt, arguably the funniest depart of the play, although Shakespeares obsession with these jokes are evident throughout the whole play.Horatio on the other hand, is trusted by Hamlet, not only has he confided in Horatio about the ghosts words and his plan to break if Claudius reveals his guilt, but the usually insecure Prince has actually included his best plugger in the scheme. This shows Hamlets respect and trust for his friend is deep, a point I picked up whilst reading the play.This scene with Hamlets antic disposition in full view is not only amusing as mentioned, but also dramatic. Its this unstable and sometimes unpredictable nature of Hamlet which makes him such an interesti ng character and one that has been looked upon as one of Shakespeares greatest achievements, I agree.His antic disposition is clearly visible as he switches tones throughout the conversation with his uncle, mother and the fair Ophelia. One minute hush up and collected towards Polonius showing interest in his acting past, the next at the throat of his uncles loyal terrier branding him a fool.If I was in vote out of staging this scene, I wouldnt change many of the features used in the awesome film version of the play (Hamlet Franco Zeffirelli 1991), with Mel Gibson spectacularly playing the part of Hamlet. In this version, Hamlet is portrayed in this scene as on edge and manic, Claudius on the other hand plays laid back and immune to Hamlets tongue and Glenn Close as Gertrude comes across not only nave, but confused by Hamlets behaviour.The significance of place the characters in this scene contributes a great deal to how it is interpreted, in my opinion putting Claudius at the f orefront would be a good start and side Gertrude on the arm of her husband with directly Hamlet in front of them both would also make sense. Polonius and Ophelia would also be positioned together, although Im unsure of having their arms linked. Hamlets friends from university, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern could be placed behind these two pairings, still in view but not as much so as the King, Queen, their adviser and his fair daughter.This would be relevant as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are not as directly involved in the scene as the others. A problem encountered here could be Rosencrantzs part in the scene, the lineAy my lord, they stay upon your patience.This could be approached by having Rosencrantz stepping forward in order to say his line.Although my suggestions stomach been made, I find Zeffirellis handling of the scene to be admirable and possibly flawless in the sense of interpreting the text into drama.In conclusion, this scene is extremely significant to the play as a whole. As mentioned, it begins the plotting of both Claudius and Hamlet to kill one another, but it also gives yet more perspicaciousness and structure to Hamlets character. Emphasizing his antic disposition, feelings towards other characters in the play and exposes both Hamlets qualities and flaws in his personality. This scene is a darling of mine, falling short only to Hamlets soliloquy (To be or not to be) and his somewhat upsetting reunion with his childhood friend and royal jester, Yorick.

Autonomous Vehicles and Software Architectures

Author Anonymous Date Tuesday, August 21, 2012 100754 AM EDT SubjectWeek 1 Discussion 2 Autonomous Vehicles and Softwargon Architectures Please respond to the following * Autonomous vehicles utilize integrated imaging and vision dodgings, sensor systems, and control systems to arrest a gondola car. Determine what you believe are the top- fiver challenges of integrating these systems. Provide whiz example for each challenge and explain why you believe it is a challenge. * Explain whether you believe in that respect is a difference between de staining and developing bundle for distributed computer computer architectures and stand-alone essay writer help, non-distributed systems.Provide at least five reasons to support your position. Autonomous Vehicles and Top-Five Challenges 1. ) Just for starters, who would be responsible for accidents? Software used in much(prenominal) cars would have to have the same basic reactions as humans, and if there is a computational fault that caus es a crash, would the driver or the software-making firm be at fault? Not only this, but vehicle sentry duty standards would have to be assessed and potentially rewritten to account for electronics as well as mechanics and knowing how governments work, this could take a while. . ) No system is faultless, and everything has a feel of failure. But if a computer system fails when youre on the highway, non only could it prove more dangerous than usual as your attention is supposed(prenominal) to be fully on the road if something else is in control and so a self-driving car would have to come with a plethora of safety mechanisms in place to cater for these issues. Not only this, but such a system would have to be able to react to unexpected situations. For example, how would an autonomous car react if a child ran out into a road?The technology may be shiny and new, but safety will prove a massive challenge before this kind of technology will be allowed to see the light of day when it comes down to the general public. Specifically, driving in atomic number 6 is proving challenging because the snow covers the markers and visual cues that the autonomous sensor technology relies on to pilot a vehicle on its own. 3. ) There also may be problems with new roads or changes in street names as well as with situations in which police are manually directing traffic. 4. other challenge is driving through construction zones, accident zones, or other situations in which a human is directing traffic with hand signals. The cars are first-class at observing stop signs, traffic lights, speed limits, the behavior of other cars, and other common cues that human drivers use to figure out how fast to go and where and when to turn. But when a human is directing traffic with hand signalsand especially when these hand signals conflict with a traffic light or stop signthe cars get confused. 5. info Challenges An enormous amount of data will become available for alternative usage, which is likely to present challenges and opportunities pertaining to data security, privacy concerns, and data analytics and aggregation. loneliness concerns must be resolved to enable the deployment of integrated sensor-based and cooperative vehicle technologies. A balance between privacy protection interests and other affected interests is of the essence(p) to resolve conflicts between the stakeholders who will make decisions about how information is collected, archived, and distributed.Potential stakeholder concerns are numerous disclosure of vehicle data could reveal trade secrets public personalities, such as politicians and celebrities, could be attached to potentially embarrassing locations or routes and ordinary citizens could find themselves spammed or stalked as the data enables a variety of evil operations such a as commercial misuse, public corruption, and identity theft. And whats to prevent nefarious governments from using the expanded surveillance capabilities t o spy on their citizens?Data Security Numerous security threats will arise once personal mobility is dominated by self-driving vehicles. Unauthorized parties, hackers, or even terrorists could capture data, alter records, urge on attacks on systems, compromise driver privacy by tracking individual vehicles, or identify waitnces. They could provide bogus information to drivers, masquerade as a different vehicle, or use denial-of-service attacks to bring down the network. The nefarious possibilities are mind-bogglingthe stuff of sci-fi thrillers.But system security will undoubtedly become a paramount issue for transportation systems with the successful deployment of integrated sensor based and cooperative vehicles. Difference Between Distributed and Non-Distributed Systems A distributed system is a computing system in which a number of components cooperate by communicating over a network. Computer software traditionally ran in stand-alone systems, where the user interface, applicati on business processing, and persistent data resided in one computer, with peripherals attached to it by buses or cables.Inherent complexities, which arise from fundamental domain challenges E. g. , components of a distributed system often reside in separate address spaces on separate nodes, so inter-node communication needs different mechanisms, policies, and protocols than those used for intra-node communication in a stand-alone systems. Likewise, synchronizing and coordination is more complicated in a distributed system since components may run in parallel and network communication can be asynchronous and non-deterministic.The networks that connect components in distributed systems introduce additional forces, such as latency, jitter, transient failures, and overload, with corresponding impact on system efficiency, predictability, and availability VKZ04. Accidental complexities, which arise from limitations with software tools and emergence techniques, such as non-portable prog ramming APIs and poor distributed debuggers.Ironically, many accidental complexities stem from deliberate choices made by developers who favor low-level languages and platforms, such as C and C-based operating system APIs and libraries, that scale up poorly when applied to distributed systems. As the complexity of application requirements increases, moreover, new layers of distributed infrastructure are conceived and released, not all of which are equally mature or capable, which complicates development, integration, and evolution of working systems. Inadequate methods and techniques.Popular software analysis methods and design techniques have focused on constructing single-process, single-threaded applications with best-effort choice of service (QoS) requirements. The development of high-quality distributed systemsparticularly those with stringent performance requirements, such as video-conferencing or air traffic control systemshas been left to the expertise of skilled software architects and engineers. Moreover, it has been hard to gain experience with software techniques for distributed systems without spending much time wrestling with platform-specific details and fixing mistakes by costly trial and error. Continuous re-invention and re-discovery of vegetable marrow concepts and techniques. The software industry has a long history of recreating incompatible solutions to problems that have already been solved. There are dozens of general-purpose and real-time operating systems that write out the same hardware resources. Similarly, there are dozens of incompatible operating system encapsulation libraries, virtual machines, and middleware that provide slightly different APIs that implement fundamentally the same features and services. If effort had instead been focused on rapidly by reusing common tools and standard platforms and components.Distributed Systems Therefore, distributed and non-distributed computer system are different in these ways. * Distr ibuted architecture has the ability to scale out and load balance business logic independently. * Distributed architecture has separate server resources that are available for separate layers. * Distributed architecture is flexible. * Distributed architecture has additional serialization and network latency overheads due to remote calls. * Distributed architecture is potentially more complex and more expensive in terms of jibe cost of ownership. Non-Distributed Systems Non-distributed architecture is less complex than distributed architecture. * Non-distributed architecture has performance advantages gained through local calls. * With non-distributed architecture, it is difficult to share business logic with other applications. * With non-distributed architecture, server resources are shared across layers. This can be good or bad layers may work well together and result in optimized usage because one of them is always busy. However, if one layer requires disproportionately more re sources, another layer may be starved of resources.

Reform Attempts of Farmers and Workers

Life in the late nineteenth and in the former(a) twentieth century in the United States was rough for the average person beca purpose of the poor conditions and inability to get ahead of debts and poverty. Two major groups that suffered the most were labor workers and give riseers. For the workers in factories, the industrial refinement of the nation brought many changes to the workplace. These changes made life as a labor worker more dangerous and less profitable. Farmers also faced many problems much(prenominal) as high railroad rates and high loan interest rates.Both groups searched for ways to band together with people in similar situations to tending resolve whatever of the problems. After many failing attempts, a execution called Progressivism caused many changes and greatly improved life for farmers, labor workers, and many other groups of the early twentieth century. In the late nineteenth century, people flooded to cities to fill the positions of factory workers. Som e of the people were farmers who had grown tired of constant debt and looked to the city for scotch gain. Others were immigrants from other countries who left their homeland behind to key a better life. galore(postnominal) of these people had nowhere to go, so they followed their first instinct and moved to the cities to find work. This flood of people caused a huge surplus of labor workers, thus resulting in unsafe work conditions and low wages for those with jobs. The dawn of the factory cut back the need for skilled workers, making the tasks easy enough for a small child to perform. With this idea, factory owners hired women and children to operate their machines and paid them even less hence the underpaid men. Obviously these people could not live like this, so they began to form unions in an attempt to fix some of the problems in the work place.The first major attempt at a large union to crack down on some of the problems which faced workers was The Knights of Labor. Member ship was open to a very large-minded range including almost all workers and women. Their leaders fought for a shorter workday and removal of children from the workplace. A second attempt called the American Federation of Labor restricted rank to skilled workers. Their goals were to improve wages, numbers of hours in a workday, and working conditions. One of the most famous strikes was the Pullman Strike which involved the American Railway Union and Pullman friendship workers.It was sparked by a twenty-five percent wage cut to employees. This strike consisting of a few thousand workers caused a halt in trains from Chicago to the tungsten coast. These responses to the problems of the workplace not only expressed their discontent, but also forced their employers into changes in administration. A second group that had large problems in the early 20th century were farm owners. One major problem was the rates charged by the railroad to farmers. Since farmers depended so greatly on the railroad, railroads companies could charge almost whatever they treasured.The result was widespread debt and poverty for farmers. Other uncontrollable factors such as bad weather and overproduction hurt farming as well. The first major attempt to organize to urge changes in the nation was called the Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. This organization attempted to teach smaller farmers techniques to make their fields more productive. After farm prices plummeted as result of a depression, the organization began to work politically to jock control farm prices. As result many states placed strict restrictions on railroads to regulate rates and operations.The courts put a stop to the legislation and sent the railroad prices back up. The second attempt was the farmers alliance which setup stores and other facilities for their cub farming members to use. This partially removed the middleman from stealing a portion of the profits. Although this was more widespread than the Gran ge, the system was too strong to allow these alliance groups. A movement known as Populism, which urged changes to aid farmers, formed. Many of the views of the populist movement were adopted by the more popular and successful reform movement known as Progressivism.In the early years of the 20th century, a powerful reform movement called Progressivism swept the country. Its leaders were college professors, ministers, journalists, physicians and social workers. Their goal was to improve conditions for all Americans. They wanted to make the political system more egalitarian. They also wanted to make the nations economic system more democratic. They felt that the people who owned the nations resources, should share some of their wealth with the less fortunate. The movement appealed to farmers, small businessmen, women and laborers.They were alarmed by the growing use of court rulings to halt strikes. In 1890, for example, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act. Its purpose was to r evenge big business corporations that combined to prevent competition. Yet more and more it was being used as a weapon against unions. The Progressives were unhappy about the use of federal troops and state militia against strikers. They were outraged by inhuman conditions in factories and mines. The Progressives and the AFL pressured state governments for laws to protect wage earners. Almost all states passed laws forbidding the practice of children under 14 years old.Many states also set a lower maximum work week for their employees. One program designed to help farmers and labor workers was the ICC or Interstate Commerce Commission, which struck down on railroad companies and their unfair practices. This greatly helped farmers earn the proper wages for their crops. Today, despite the deny in members, organized labor in the United States remains strong and conditions of Americas labor force have steadily improved. The length of the work day has been shortened. Many agreements be tween employers and wage earners now call for less than 40 hours of work a week.Most agreements have generous fringe benefits. These include insurance, pensions and health headache plans. As the number of union members has decreased as a percentage of the total work force, unions have responded by broadening their organizing efforts to include employees of federal, state and topical anaesthetic governments as well as other professionals. Organizers have also waged long campaigns to unionize and win better conditions for such diverse groups as public give lessons teachers and seasonal farm workers. As the work force has changed, so have some of the labor-management issues.Unions now want laws to strengthen their right to strike by prohibiting companies from hiring everlasting replacements for striking workers. Employers want the right to test workers for drug use. Many workers are fighting for the right to take unpaid leave when they have babies or when a family member is ill and needs extensive care. And, as the unemployment rate has climbed there is growing belief that the government should help create jobs through public kit and boodle programs, job training programs and tax credits for employers in areas of high unemployment.

William Butler Yeats

To Yeats, his ideas of the Irish politics of his time were never far from his modernist poems. He makes the policy-making world seem a place of passion and contradictions, like art, requiring of us not to understand history in moral terms, such as nifty and bad but, rather, in seemingly emotionally artistic terms, like pity or terror. For example, in the poem, Easter 1916, Yeats fixes on the horror and captivation of the considerably waste event of the Irish uprising.In the first stanza, the line Being certain that they and I/ But lived were motley is worn, signifies and emphasizes Yeats strong idea of Irish-ness. It is as if these men and women that he speaks of, such as Pearse and MacBride, share essentially nothing with him, nothing with each other really, except for their Irishness the motley that they wore and their passion for Irish Independence their hearts with i purpose alone.He recognizes and glorifies their number in the song, their part in the war and this brings i n a technique in which Yeats quite often utilize which was that of encompassing classical allusions within his poetry. For example, the line, This man had kept a school/and rode our winged horse invites the image of Pearse, the man, riding Pegasus, a mythical beast or, it transforms Pearse into an ancient Irish hero, Cuchulain. By using classical allusion, Yeats is effectively ascending his characters into an almost intangible and iconic state.They are more than human and thus glorified, which is then in the end sculpting Irish politics into an almost mythical state. In addition, the paradoxical line, a terrible beauty is born, returns in the poem like an impersonal chorus, suggesting an almost fishily impersonal event. The line, All changed, changed utterly/ a terrible beauty is born is a lyrically artistic buildup of stress that becomes almost chime- like in the poem, call and announcing the coming of the birth of a new and terrible age.

Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

rough-and-ready communication is a major element to success in any relationship, business, or organization. Communication prohibitions attempt to impede, and in some instances stop, the prosperous completion of the communication process. Law Enforcement agencies are susceptible to the consequences of ineffective communication and should work toward reducing and eliminating barriers blocking the flow of communication. Organizational flaws in the entangled jumbal of agencies within the American criminal justice dust cause various communication barriers resulting in confusion and inefficiencies throughout the system.Law enforcement agencies began sharing more schooling after the attacks on 9/11 but barriers still exist. agreement the communication process and using active listening skills is vital to overcoming barriers to effective communication. butt of Communication Wallace and Roberson (2009) define communication as, a process involving several steps, among two or more perso ns, for the primary purpose of exchanging information (p. 15). The communication process is dependant on the vectors ability to create an understandable message for the recipient and the recipients ability to interpret the message.The process begins by contagion an idea into a message made of carefully chosen symbols understandable to the receiver (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). To ensure success of the communication process, the sender should consider the recipients point of view while forming the message and selecting the means of transmission. The message can take the form of writing, speaking, or feces (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Receipt of the message is very consequential or the process of communication stops. Sending the message using the appropriate medium continues the communication process to the next step.Understanding the idea of the message requires reading by the recipient. The receiver interprets the message and provides feedback to the sender. Feedback indicates rec eipt of the message and whether the message was understood or requires more information. Formal and Informal Channels of Communication Information flows up and down through the guard organizations according to the chain of command. The formal transmit of communication within police organizations require strict adherence to order, written memorandums, and directives (Wallace & Roberson, 2009).The neural impulse that information flows within the formal channels is slow creating a delay in sharing new information throughout the organization. Slow transmission reduces organisational efficiency, wastes valuable time, resources, and puts the reputation of the police agency at risk. Formal channels are restrictive and at times seem unnecessary but police agencies do receive benefits using the formal channels. Through formal channels, all officers receive the same directions in an understandable message that reduces confusion among officers and creates documentation for by and by refer ence (Wallace & Roberson, 2009).Informal channels of communication exist in all law enforcement agencies and are used to pass information outside the formal channels of communication. Informal channels of communication give officers a break from the rigid protocol of formal channels. Opportunities for personal discussions that build camaraderie naturally improve team spirit and work performance. Police agencies know the benefits of informal channels of communication. When the right balance of formal and informal communications is achieved, the agency becomes a united police force.Overcoming Barriers to Effective CommunicationThe barriers that influence effective communication within the criminal justice system are emotional barriers, physical barriers, semantic barriers, and ineffective listening (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). The sender and receiver both can contribute emotional barriers reducing effective communication by allowing beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and life experience s to enter the process. Criminal justice professionals can get the hang emotional barriers by using peer support systems within the police department or support from outside sources (Wallace & Roberson, 2009).Physical barriers are obstructions that interfere with tendency of a message and are the hardest to overcome. The weather, distance, and failures in technology are a few examples of physical barriers a police officer may encounter (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). nearly barriers are out of the officers control and cannot be overcome quickly such as an ice storm that becomes a physical barrier when power and telephone lines go down ending communication. Semantic barriers consist of language differences and ambiguous word meanings and prevent a clear exchange of ideas resulting in failed communication.Hiring a diverse group of officers can reduce language barriers and choosing words carefully with the receiver in mind can help ease semantic barriers. Ineffective listening is anothe r barrier present in the criminal justice system and occurs from disinterest, speaker bias, emotions, distractions, and words that invoke emotion (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Every officer needs active listening skills. An officer using active listening skills can diffuse dangerous situations when armed with a clear understanding of the circumstances. industrious listening is different from hearing. Hearing is an automatic response to sound and listening is an act. While using active listening skills the officer is processing what the speaker is dictum with interest, free of speaker bias, and emotions, before giving a response (Wallace & Roberson, 2009). Improving and eliminating barriers to effective communication is achieved through education and self-improvement courses offered as part of a criminal justice professionals continuing education.Communication Failure 9/11The repercussions of failed communication can be seen in the attacks of 9/11. numerous factors contributed to kno wn terrorists entering the United States undetected and successfully killing Americans. Ineffective communication resulting in communication failure is one variable that allowed the United States to be attacked by terrorist from another country. The organize of American law enforcement agencies is conducive to connectiveage blindness. Grant and Terry (2008) define linkage blindness as, the inability to analyze and link critical information across or within agencies (p. ).Communication failed because Federal law enforcement agencies did not share terrorist information with state and local law enforcement agencies. emulation and territorial greed between agencies contributed to the loss of communication within the law enforcement community (Grant & Terry, 2008). Best (2007) stated, Almost all assessments of the attacks of September 11, 2001 have concluded U. S. lore and law enforcement agencies had failed to share information that might have provided advance warning of the plot (S ummary, para. 1).Congress eventually acknowledged communication barriers exist within the system of law enforcement agencies and enacted legislation and regulation to facilitate the sharing of information. Conclusion Most communication barriers can be overcome by using common reek and active listening devoid of emotion and bias. Police agencies and individual criminal justice professionals are responsible for learning and using active listening skills. Understanding the communication process reveals strategies to overcoming barriers that block the flow of information.Formal and informal channels of communication can drive the movement of messages forward or stop movement completely. When terrorists attacked the United States September 11, 2001 Congress enacted legislation and regulations to tear down the communication barriers that existed between law enforcement agencies. Communication barriers will always exist within the structure of American law enforcement agencies but efforts will continue to eliminate barriers within reach and reduce those harder to reach.

Mattel and Toy Safty Essay

In 2007, the Mattel spiel club recalled around 20 billion of its work products do to contamination of return in the tonality and arctic emerges dealing with parts of its products ( attracters) that was manufacture in china. The Mattel Company is considered the global leader in play manufacturing with over 30,000 people employed in over 40 countries and operates in much than 150 countries. The Mattel Company baptisterys the dilemma a give out of companies face when using overseas manufacturing. If not closely monitored, they quarter and will cut corners which could put the company at risk. Who is responsible for the safety device of minorrens move and who should be held accountable? An Analysis of the Mattel shell study should conk out who is and who isnt.1. Do you believe that Mattel acted in a fondly responsible and ethical manner with regards to the safety of its scams? wherefore or why not? What should or could Mattel have done differently? The study case of the Mattel film Companys wreak recall is a difficult one to call. The company went over and beyond to make sure that its products where safe for the public. The case study states that in 1997, the Mattel Company developed a cypher of conduct which included a wide range of ethical issue such as child safety laws, safety and health ordinances. Mattel went as for to hire Professor S. Prakash Sethi, who is the head of a non-profit organization by the name of the International Center for Corporate Accountability which conducted audits on Mattel facilities.Mattel was as well recognized by Forbes clipping as one of the most trustworthy U.S. companies and was in addition recognized by CRO Magazine as one of the go around corporate citizens out of 100, so they had built a reputation for being a solid socially responsible and ethical company. Ethics shag be defined as object lesson principles that guides the way a person or a business behaves. Social responsibility is an ethical t heory, that a personor a business has an obligation to benefit nine as a whole. fundamentally the products or actions of a person or a business should be a benefit to society and The Mattel Company took pride in being just that. Even though Mattel had to recall a lot of its products, I do believe they acted socially responsible and ethically. Mattel tested its products in their own testing facilities and in another(prenominal) special test labs to delay the safety and quality of its products, and had specifically tar buy the farmed lead based paint. once Mattel found out that some of its products contained insalubrious lead based paint and the magnets in some of its products could be a safety concern, the company had an immediate recall of the products contaminated.Mattel used several(prenominal) outlets such as the Consumer crop precaution Commission, regulating agencies from all over the world and newspapers to address the issue of the lead based paint in its products and t he magnet worry. Mattel also made it possible for consumers of their products to have access to outlets in which they tin bottomland pay the contaminated products for a refund or a safer replacement product. Mattel did do a lot to jibe the safety and quality of their products, but, they could have burgeon forthn even further steps to avoid this situation. For one, Mattel should has done look on the on the Chinese firms outside contractors. Even though some of these contractors had been audited, they replaced the approved paint for the lead based paint. So Mattel should have kept a closer eye on these subcontractors in sanctify to maintain their good image with society.Mattel potnot be solely at fought for this recall the Mattel Company was also a victim in this situation. 2. Who or what do you believe was responsible for the fact that children where exposed to potentially vulnerable wreaks? Why do you think so? This is a hard question because there be several entities th at can be blamed for this recall. Number one is those that atomic number 18 responsible for consumer product safety. The Consumer Product safety device Commission (CPSC) is an independent federal regulating manner who assumes the responsibility of protecting the public from dangerous products. This means was created in 1972 with the Consumer Product Safety Act. This Act gives the CPSC the authority to develop standards and bans on products. It is the job of this regulating representation to make sure that products be safe for public use, but it seems the dropped the ball on the Mattel toy recall. The case study states that the CPSC was severely underfunded and understaffed.The case study also statesthat in 2007 the CPSC only when had about 400 employees in which only 15 of them were investigators with the job of investigating products that come through the ports. Needless to say with the amount of product that come through the ports and the number of ports used in the U.S. to import and export product is too frequently for only 15 people to handle, also the CPSC only had 100 employees monitoring products on store shelves and only had a budget of 62 million. Another player that has responsibility in exposing children to potentially harmful products (toys) is the Chinese political sympathies. The enforcement of lead standards in China was not enforced, so the companies did as they wanted when it came to lead based paint.The magnet situation of more of a product design malfunction, according to the case study, so that can be easily taken care of, however, the lead base paint issue is one of enforcement. If the Chinese establishment had adequate enforcement of lead paint dominions, which is better than that of the U.S. at one point, this would have never been a problem for the Mattel toy company. The most responsible for this recall is the Mattel Company. Regardless of regulation inspectors and audits, they owe it to the stakeholders of the company to e nsure that the products that they are manufacturing are safe. That is what social responsibility and ethics are based upon. 3. What is the best way to ensure the safety of childrens toys? There is no way to fully ensure the safety of childrens toys, but the best way is to enforce federal legislation on toy manufactures. This is a challenge because the majority toys in this country are manufactured in other countries such as China and Asia. Federal regulation can ensure that there are uniform standards for toy manufacturing.As of June 12, 2012, all manufactures and importers of childrens toy mustiness comply with federal regulation. These toys must be tested for compliance of regulation and the testing must be done by the CPSC. It is also in the best interest of other countries to enforce regulation on toy manufactures. Since toys are a big export for other countries such as China and Asia, they would want to be in good standing with the U.S. by setting some standards on toy manufac turing. Consumers presss groups need to stay involved in toy safety issues and provide input that can help set guidelines for federal legislation. The consumer advocates can ascertain regulation and keep the public informed on issues of child toy safety. In 2008, consumer groups such as the ConsumersUnion, Consumer Federation of America, and Kids in Danger attended erect and Senate conferences to push for a well-funded Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).As a response to the demand of the consumer advocate groups, Congress acted by banning lead based products in childrens toys. This act of the consumer advocate groups is a perfect example of the interactive social system between corporations and society, the fact that they are so mutualist on one another that if action is taken by one it will affect the other (Lawrence & Webber, 2011, p.21). These stakeholders can have a profound effect on regulation of a company. The toy attention can also play a large role to ensure the safety of childrens toys. They can listen to input form stakeholders on issues that could make their products safer. They also can follow the requirements of the Consumer Product Safety Commission closely or even go a step beyond the CPSC regulations to ensure that their toys are safe for kids. The toy industry could also be shown as a leader in toy safety by collaborating with contradictory manufactures to push their toy safety regulation to coincide with that of the U.S. standard.They could hold global regulation meetings and have input on the regulation of toy safety that can have influence on policy. These kinds of actions from the toy industry could give them a good standing with stakeholders and regulators both if they are viewed as being actively involved in the safety of the childrens toys that they are making. After all these are their customers and in business you are trying to acquire more customers not lose them, so these fictitious character of actions by the toy ind ustry would only benefit them and the customers that helps make them the businesss that they are today. Since the development of imported toys, the rate of injury to kids playing with toys has increased. Accountability of the toy industry is a must to bring toy safety to a minimum.Corporate negligence of the sub-contractors of toy manufactures need to be recognized and investigated soundly to insure toy safety. An phrase be the American Association for judge (Playing with Safety Dangerous toys and the subroutine of Americas Civil Justice System) states that A Public Citizens analysis of consumer recalls found that companies waited an average of 993 days to inform the CPSC of defects, and the agency (CPSC) waited another 209 days before informing the public (American Association for Justice) of the dangerous toys. This is a little more than 3 years before the public isinformed of a toy health hazard by the toy industry and CPSC. The CPSC and the toy industry should be held respo nsible and held accountable for those that are put in danger by these toys. If both the CPSC and the toy industry are held accountable for the time laps of getting the data to the public it would improve toy safety. 4. What do you think is to best way for society to protect children from harmful toys? Specifically, what are the appropriate roles various stakeholders in this process?The best way to protect children from harmful toys has to be a collective effort between stakeholders, the toy industry, and government regulators. This collective effort can be beneficial to all. First, the federal government must fund the CPSC properly in order for it to function at a level in which it can handle the bulk of toys coming through our ports. I can see how the CPSC was overwhelmed with the task of making sure all toy products are safe before and later they hit the shelves. The CPSC was too understaffed and underfunded to be affective. At the time of the recalls, the CPSCs military unit w as limited to ensure the safety of childrens toys. According to an article written by Jo Hartely of the National News (Protecting Our Children from Toxic Toys), The CPSC cannot licitly test childrens products before sale and do not have the funds or cognitive content to do so if desired (Hartley, 2008).This at the time really made it hard to ensure toy safety. Also, according to the article, another way to ensure toy safety is to revise the U.S chemical regulatory system. The article states that around 80,000 chemicals are cleared for use in everyday products and 2,500 are introduced every year. Most of these chemical have not been tested for potential health impacts on children or fetuses (Hartley, 2008). This is another flaw in the regulatory system that needs to be addressed to ensure toy safety and it will take a collaborative effort to make this happen. The appropriate role for the non-market stakeholder in this toy safety issue is to use the non-market stakeholders world pow er to use resources to influence regulatory policy on toy safety. Stakeholder power is founded in the power that they have to vote for those that support regulations that they want to see enacted on toy safety.The can also utilize economic power in order to get there point across to the toy industry on toy safety. They also have the power to use civil suits against negligent toy manufactures that are selling harmful toys. Consumer advocate groups are also categorized asnon-market stakeholders. These groups can pull resources and get the word out about the negligence of a toy manufacture which could also persuade government entities to act. Groups such as the Consumer Federation of America, kids in danger and the Consumer Union have already influenced stricter regulation of the toy industry with success. The categorization of the federal government as a non-market stakeholder is still up in the air for most, but, the impact and role that the government has in the issue of toy safet y is huge.The government can and has the power to regulate the toy industry to ensure toy safety. Regulating toy safety is not an easy task for the government and will not ensure that all toys will be safe, but, they can minimize the problem. One way they government can minimize harmful toys that may get in the possession of children is by funding the CPSC properly so that they can enforce the regulatory laws on toys safety. Between 2008 and 2011 the federal government passed regulations that give the CPSC more power to hold the toy industry accountable for toy safety. In 2008, the Consumer product Safety Act was amended in 2011 which gave the CPSC new found power to enforce regulation laws on the toy industry which included civil and criminal penalties for those that broke the laws of toy safety. It also included third party testing of toy products so that testing of the products was not left-hand(a) solely to the toy industry which could be manipulated as so the case of Mattel to ys.The federal government also passed the Child Protection Safety Act, which protects children from choking hazards. This legislation requires warning labels on products that may present a choking hazard for kids and also mandates that manufactures, importers, distributors, and retailers to report certain choking incidents. Even though the Mattel toy company and CPSC regulatory agency made adjustments necessary to minimize childrens toy hazards. It was their duty and obligation toy insure that the products that they sold were safe for children to play with in the beginning. All though Mattel had an outstanding ethical and social responsible reputation, the ball was dropped on this issue in 2007. One reason was the expansion of manufacturing and production of their products to foreign countries that they could no keep a close eye on. All in all it is up to us all to ensure the safety of our children when purchasing toys for our kids to play with. We cannot solely leave it up to regul atorysystems and toy manufacture we also have to play our role in this issue.ReferenceAmerican Association for Justice (2010). Playing with Safety Dangerous Toys and the Role of Americas Civil System. http//www.justice.org/cps/rde/xbcr/justice/PlayingWithSafety.pdf Lawrence, A. T., & Weber, J. (2011). melodic phrase and Society Stakeholder, ethics, public policy (13 Ed). New York. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Hartley, J. (2008). Natural News, Protecting Our Children from Toxic Toys. http//www.naturalnews.com/022991_toys_children_chemicals.html U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. https//www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-LawsStandards/Statutes/

Nationalism Essay †Nationalism Forms & Theories â€

Define patriotism patriotism Forms and Theories our site1. IntroductionWhat is Nationalism and how do you fix NationalismThis taste give discuss explanations and cast of characterss of patriotism in an attempt to define patriotism phenomenon. The first section will focus on presenting contemporary and historical explanations. Secondly, a brief account of the g overnment issue of patriotism and debates over its origins will be presented. The subsequent section will head practical and supposititious forms of nationalism and contend for the fact that distinct expositions derive from different theories and forms of nationalism.Define NationalismTo provide a deeper analysis, forms of nationalism and their definitions will be connected with theories of nationalism. Based on these sections, this essay will argue that cod to various ramifications of the concept of nationalism, this public opinion exists in various forms accompanied by a variety of definitions, distri furtherively serving similar and distinct purposes. Fin everyy, concluding remarks will be drawn establish on the evidence presented throughout this essay.2. Define NationalismTo initiate an analysis of definitions and forms of nationalism, this essay will focus on four main definitions (Smith, 2016 Anderson, 2006, Gellner, 1969 and Khon, 1965).When referring to nation and nationality Smith (2013 7) defines nationalism based on three generic goals which fox emerged from the academic study of this political orientation, namely national unity, national autonomy and national identity. In this framework, nationalism is delimit as an ideologic movement for attaining and maintaining autonomy of unity and identity for a population which some of its members restrain to constitute an actual or potential nation. However, for Anderson (2006 211), nations argon merely imagined communities as members of these communities will rarely know each other, and thus they will draw upon the conce pt of nationality from their own imagined population to which they belong to.This paper emerged from earlier concepts dilate by Gellner (1969) who argued that nationalism is nothing more than the process of imagining nations. A similar definition that focuses on the idea that nationalism is internally felt by the individual was developed by Khon (1965 9) leaning that Nationalism is a bow of mind, in which the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the nation- solid primer coat.Similar to Smith (2013), Coakley (2012) argues that many of the current definitions on nationalism overlap with each other and besides with definitions of other fantasys, such as the concept of state. The state has been defined as a compulsory policy-making organisation operating on a continuous basis (Weber, 1968) while a nation has been defied as a gentlemans gentleman population sharing a common territory and culture (Smith, 1991). Each of these ground faeces be encountered in def initions of nationalism which, gibe to Coakley (2012)see this concept as a form of political mobilisation or an ideology that justifies this mobilisation and diminishes the barriers between nation and state.As it slew be sight from the above, in some areas these explanations converge while in other areas these notions seem to be divergent. Smith (2013) looks at nationalism as being a concept that describes self-governing capacity while Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) see this notion as the process of imagining communities. Similar to Smith (2013), Khon (1965) sees nationalism as connected with the notion of state.It can thusly be argued that nationalism is understood differently by these theoreticians. Finally, it can be observed that notions of self- brass and nationalism seen as an imagined form of identity expression have been maintained from the 19th century (Khon, 1965 Gellner, 1969) to the 21st (Smith, 2013). Thus, the interest sections will attempt to uncover the rea sons behind these differences.Define Nationalism To modify or extend this essay or to prevail pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today3. Nationalism Forms and TheoriesTo crack understand why a unified definition of nationalism is not ceremonious, it is important to look at the epicentre from which nationalism arises. Consequently, a historical analysis of the concept and its subsequent forms, corroborated by theories of nationalism, will be attempted in order to understand this notion. The following section will thus discuss these themes.3.1. The consequence of NationalismAlthough the word nationalism only emerged in political language after 1840, its importance grew significantly in the 19th century with revolutions across Europe (Hirschi, 2011). In this period, the roughly significant event involving nationalism occurred in 1914, when a fear of Slav nationalism led to the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the First World fight (Breuilly, 2 013).After the war, the Versailles Treaty made reference to notions of nation states, which became the primary concept used by US President Woodrow Wilson when instituting the doctrine of national self-determination (Breuilly, 2013). This action subsequently gave rise to substantial claims of nationalism just about the world (Hirschi, 2011).Dahbour (2003) contradicts this, arguing that national self-determination was a response to the colonisation of states which eventually demanded national liberation. Furthermore, self-determination not only gives rise to nationalism except also to ethical and legal citizenship and with it, the ability of a nation to self-govern. As a result, Dahbour (2003) argues that nationalism is a specific claim made for self-determination.Both ideas flesh out by Dahbour (2003) and Breuilly, (2013) are noticeable in the definitions provided by Smith (2013) and Khon (1965). It can and so be argued that the notion of self-governance and self-determination are connected with the branch of nationalism and subsequently to its definition.Another opposing view comes from Andersen (2006) who emphasises language, specifically the shared language of a nation. According to this author, nationalism could not have spread and matured without community being able to read about this notion and debate this notion in writing (Andersen 2006). As a result, a pagan element language- aided in the spread and maturation of nationalism (Andersen, 2006). Nevertheless, this billet does not concern itself with the emergence of nationalism but rather examines its consolidation. However, it emphasises the importance of culture in the definition of nationalism which spirals from a collective mind. This can thus support ideas of Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) of imagined communities as shared language is an acquired cognitive function and thus it is a part of the collective mind.Define Nationalism To modify or extend this essay or to get full referenc es Contact Us Today3.2. Forms of NationalismNationalism can be manifested as a state ideology or as a non-state popular movement. These manifestations give rise to five forms of nationalism (ethnical, religious, civic, cultural or ideological) which are used to classify sub-types of nationalism (Chatturvedi, 2005). There are over 10 sub-types of nationalism (Snyder, 2009), some of which seek unity and self-governance for people of certain ethic groups while others seek expansion and sparing growth for nations against the global community (Chatturvedi, 2005). Other forms of nationalism have been criticised for hiding racism (i.e. al-right nationalism favouring whitened supremacy) (Snyder, 2009) while other forms of nationalism seek to bring cordial unity and equating regardless of ethnicity (i.e. left nationalism) (Maxwell and Maxwell, 2014).Ethnic NationalismFor ethnic nationalism and derivate sub-types, nationalism functions on the principle that a nation can only be defined by its ethnic connection which encompasses shared language, culture, heritage and ancestry. Because of this characteristic, Roshwald (2001) describes this form of nationalism as strict and descriptive of authoritarian regimes. Studies (Gil-White, 2006 Sulaiman, 2016) looking into this concept have concluded that similar to nationalism in general, ethnic nationalism is composed of a series of terms that have distinctive definitions, including ethnicity, nation and state. When looking at manifestations of ethic nationalism in the world, research (Sulaiman, 2016) seems to describe similar lines with surmise (Roshwald, 2001). This demonstrates thatethnic nationalism leads to conflict, especially in ethnic diverse locations (i.e. Niger Delta) (Sulaiman, 2016).Religious NationalismReligious nationalism denotes a form of nationalism which relies upon a central religion or dogma that has implications in politics and state affairs (Omer and Springs, 2013). This notion contrasts potent ly with unexampled forms of nationalism and has been set forth as an irrational form of nationalism (Omer and Springs, 2013 80). Several real world examples include non-secular states, such as Iran, Saudi Arabia or Afghanistan, where the religious law (Sharia Law or the Muslim Law) is the ultimate law of the state (Kavalski, 2016). As ethnic nationalism, religious nationalism shows little to no tolerance for other religious beliefs (Kavalski, 2016), provided it does not focus on ethnic unity, but rather on religious unity by repelling any opposing views.Civic NationalismAt the other end of the spectrum, civic nationalism (also referred to as progressive nationalism) advocates for social unity, individual rights and freedoms. This form of nationalism is centred on the idea of a non-xenophobic society, which shows tolerance for all its individuals and strives to provide equality and social justice (Hall, 1998). A practical example of this can be found in Singapore, where the govern ments strategy for cultivation derived directly form civic nationalism and globalisation (Brown, 2000).Empirical evidence (Kwan, 2016 Modongal, 2016) shows that while civic nationalism is the driving force of globalisation, it also leads to a dilution of intrinsic values in exceedingly customal societies (i.e. China). However, civic nationalism, as nationalism, has different forms of interpretation. Focusing on a definition provided by Habermas (1996), Shen (2007 17) argues that civic nationalism is a voluntary selection of allegiance based on values. If secern the two definitions, it can be observed that civic nationalism is defined from a societal-national perspective (Hall, 1998) but also from a global, international perspective (Shen, 2007). Here, nations would accept cooperation with other nations to whom they share similar values. In practice, this rarely occurs (i.e. China and US economic trade), and countries with distinctive cultures will end up in cooperation for econo mic development hence the potential for culture dilution (Modongal, 2016).Thus, civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism have a converge point, namely the element of shared culture. The cultural form of nationalism thus defines a middle ground between civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism (Fedorenko, 2012 Song, 2009). Hutchinson (1987) argues with historical examples from Arab, Jewish and Hindu nations that cultural nationalism plays a significant part in the building of nations, as it is a shared belief, value and tradition alongside with ethnic heritage which can lead to the consolidation of states.Ideological NationalismFinally, ideological nationalism is a form of political nationalism which argues for the capacity of nations to self-govern (Smith, 2013). This notion can also be seen Dahbours (2003) idea of self-determination as well as in the definition of nationalism provided by Smith (2013). Looking at the history of nationalism two main conclusions can be drawn. The fir st refers to the fact that nationalism is highly connected with the concept of national identity and claims made for self-governance. Thus it whitethorn be argued that early forms of nationalism were ideological in nature and focused on notions of territory, population and self-government. This seems to justify Coakleys (2012) ideas, according to which definitions of nationalism overlap definitions of state, nations and ethnicity. Secondly, because nationalism comes in various forms and subsequent types, a unified definition of nationalism is most likely unachievable. As a result, different forms of nationalism will automatically lead to the conclusion that each form defines a different concept, which although similar in some respects, will also be actually distinctive in others.Because the progression of nationalism gave rise to different definitions and forms of nationalism, to better understand their nature, theories on nationalism need to be approached in a structured way (REFE RENCE). The next section will therefore look at different theories of nationalism and attempt to set different forms and definitions of nationalism within these theoretical boundaries.3.3. Four Theories of NationalismAccording to Llobera (1999) four main theories dominate the notion of nationalism. These are primordial and socio-biological theories, instrumentalist theories, modernisation theories and evolutionary theories. Primordialists such as Herder and Fichte and more recently Smith and Connor, see nationalism as something which was of all time present in people but had been reawakened under political self-consciousness (Brown, 2003). Geertz (1973) argues for the concept of given identity, as an individual who is born within a group will receive its identity.Consequently, ethnic boundaries are established which are represented by the individuals shared experience with family members and the group (Tishkov, 1997). Socio-biologists claims derived from this theory argue that heri tage and implicitly ethnicity is passed on genetically (Llobera, 1999). These theories frame the notions of ethnic nationalism and cultural nationalism. Ozkirimli (2017) argues that these two forms of nationalism have their roots in primordial theory.Hutchinson and Smith (1994) have analysed primordialism in depth and argue that human social interaction will take place based on three elements kin selection, reciprocality and coercion. From this notion, the authors hypothesise that ethnic groups are in fact super-families. Therefore, members of these super-families will be biologically inclined towards cooperation and reciprocity with their own kin while also resorting to some forms of coercion (Hutchinson and Smith, 1994). Conclusively, it can be argued that notions of belonging and indirectly excluding others, encountered in definitions of nationalism derive from these theories.Instrumentalist theories diverge from primordial theories by arguing that ethnic groups can be seen as nations and their boundaries are not fixed, but in fact these can vary according to specific needs (i.e. economic development) (Llobera, 1999). A representative figure in this domain is Barth (1969) who supported this theory by arguing that ethnicity is not a reference to biological or cultural heritage but more a form of social organisation. In Barths (1969) assertion, boundaries serve a specific purpose, any biological, ecological, economic, political and/or historical. Transposed, this idea can be encountered in the notion of religious nationalism (Sandler, 2004) where Islamic cultures maintain boundaries for political interest but individuals become a part of their nation when converting to Islam.Modernisation theories strongly oppose primordialism by arguing that nationalism emerged as the result of modern processes, such as industrialisation, favorable political, cultural and socio-economic conditions (Llobera, 1999). Hence, theoreticians who support this claim such as Koh n, Kedourie and Gellne, see nationalism as a modern invention (Hall, 1998). According to Hall (1998) this idea can be seen in notions of civic nationalism and ideological nationalism. Although these three theories show substantial contrasts, the fourth theory of nationalism, namely the Evolutionary theory attempts to bring unneurotic the notion of modern and primordial (to some extent).As a result, evolutionary theories argue that indeed, nationalism is a product of modern times however in Europe, this concept evolved from the ideas of Andersen (2006) and Gellner (1969) of imagined communities corroborated by a form of superpatriotic nationalism which was present since the medieval period (Llobera, 1999). However, as Smith (1981) observed, in order to pinpoint the emergence of nationalism, an analysis of the transference from medieval to modern needs to be conducted. In order to accomplish this, all societal elements must be considered, including economic, social, political and id eological (Smith, 1981).By assessing the aforementioned theories of nationalism, several elements can be noted. Firstly, the evolutionary theories focus on the emergence of nationalism in Europe, which thus implies that this theory cannot be employ for explaining how nationalism emerged elsewhere (i.e. Hutchinson (1987) on the emergence of nationalism in Hindu nations).However, evolutionary theories can be used to explain the formation of definitions that rely on state and nation. Secondly, primordial, instrumentalist and modern theories of nationalism can be used as frameworks to explain the differences between forms of nationalism and subsequently between definitions of this phenomenon. Another thoughtfulness that can be made in this case is that nationalism cannot be understood as operation from a pure ideological, ethnic, dogmatic or religious form.Define Nationalism To modify or extend this essay, let us know and we will write your essay Contact Us TodayAs it was discussed, its emergence and consolidation was favoured by specific politic, economic, social and cultural circumstances, while at the like time its development was favoured by the same notions (Smith, 1981). An exemplification of this can be seen in civic nationalism which serves the purpose of developing social comprehension and globalisation (Brown, 2000) while religious nationalism can be seen as a political instrument(Omer and Springs, 2013). Considering the treble ramifications of this phenomenon, the existence of various forms and definitions of nationalism becomes explainable.4. ConclusionThis essay discussed various definitions and forms of nationalism and argued that a unified definition of nationalism is not likely achievable due to the existence of various forms of this notion. In the first section of this essay, by focusing on four definitions of nationalism issued by Smith (2013), Anderson (2006), Gellner (1969) and Khon (1965) it was observed that these theoreticians have different perceptions over the notion of nationalism.As a result, the emergence of nationalism and its forms was assessed in an attempt to explain these differences. By analysing the emergence of nationalism and its various forms it was noted that each form of nationalism derived its own definition. Furthermore, it was observed that definitions of nationalism are connected with its emergence.Hence the existence of various forms of nationalism cannot be used alone to explain its distinctive definition. To do so, understanding where and how this phenomenon emerged is also important. To provide a structured framework for the various forms and definitions of nationalism, theories of this concept were unite with the identified forms of nationalism and linked with the studied definitions of nationalism.Here, it was observed that definitions of the broad concepts of nationalism fit within the elaborated theories while forms of nationalism also fall within this framework. By assessing curre nt notions of nationalism it can be concluded that the exact emergence of nationalism cannot be pin-pointed however primordial theories (Geertz, 1973) argue that this concept may have innate characteristics, thus it was always present in humans.Secondly, by observing the various forms of nationalism it can be concluded that this concept may have begun as a simple ideology from medieval times however it evolved to serve various purposes resulting in the variety of definitions and forms. Thus, a single definition of nationalism is unlikely to be developed (Hall, 1998).Define Nationalism To modify or extend this or get full references Contact Us TodayNeed help with Best AP Books Selection Take a look at http//www.StudyAPExam.comSummaryArticle Name Define Nationalism Essay our site 3000 Words Description From the definition of nationalism to emergence of nationalism, practical & theoretical forms & conclusion, everything is covered in this 3500 word Nationalism Essay. 1000s of happy students reference Silvia our site Publisher Name our site Publisher Logo