Financial Managment worksheet 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Money related Managment worksheet 3 - Essay Example The financial specialists who put their cash in the firm for plan to get an arrival on their venture are called investors or investors. As it were, assessment of a proposed undertaking ought to be founded on the venture's expense of capital (Vernimmen, 2005). This is on the grounds that when an organization raises capital, there is generally no immediate connections between the arrival to the provider of the organization's capital and the arrival on singular undertaking. The company at that point utilizes the weighted normal of these capitals for blending in the company's general value to investigate the capital planning choices. It contemplates the weighted normal of all the capital and is therefore alluded as weighted normal expense of capital (WACC). The company's blend of obligation and value is called its capital use. Albeit real degree of obligation and value may shift to some degree after some time, most firms attempt to keep their financing blend near an objective capital structure. As we realize that the WACC is a weighted normal of moderately minimal effort obligation and significant expense value, so definitely we can say that capital structure change will influence the WACC to increment or lessening as for the change that happens in the capital structure. The company's blend of obligation and value is called its capital structure. ... ecisely we can say that capital structure change will influence the WACC to increment or abatement as for the change that happens in the capital structure. Ideal CAPITAL STRUCTURE: The association's blend of obligation and value is called its capital structure. The principal wellspring of an organization's worth is the flood of net incomes produced by it resources. This stream is generally alluded to as the organization's net working income or winning before intrigue and charges (EBIT). The capital structure received by an organization separates the stream between various classes of financial specialists. In the event that an organization is financed totally by value and there is no organization charge, this whole stream is accessible to give salary to investors. In the event that an organization likewise obtains reserves, the loan specialists have the main case on the net working income and investors are qualified for the more hazardous, lingering income that remaining parts after the moneylenders have been paid (Vernimmen, 2005). Chief ought to pick the capital structure that expands investor's riches. The fundamental methodology is to consider a preliminary capital structure dependent available estimations of the obligation and value, and afterward gauge the abundance of the investors under this capital structure. This methodology is rehashed until an ideal capital structure is distinguished. We need to contemplate 5 stages to decide an ideal capital structure, the means are; 1. Gauge the loan cost the firm will pay 2. Gauge the expense of value 3. Gauge the weighted normal expense of capital (WACC) 4. Gauge the free income and their current worth, which is the estimation of the firm 5. Deduct the estimation of the obligation to discover the investors' riches which we need to amplify A financial specialist in an organization with a low obligation value proportion is probably going to join a low

Impact of Airports Political, Environmental and Social

Effect of Airports Political, Environmental and Social Air terminals assume a significant financial job inside their nearby networks. Air terminals serve a critical job in the monetary molding of the networks of which they serve because of the sheer reality that they are among the biggest open offices on the planet. It is surely known that a practical and proficient transportation framework is a central and fundamental segment to the economy of any locale (Wells Young, 2004). Despite the fact that there is no uncertainty that the nearness of an air terminal has extraordinary positive effects on an encompassing network from a financial point of view, the nearness of an air terminal, much like any huge modern complex, shockingly impacts the network and encompassing indigenous habitat in what many think about a negative way. These impacts are an aftereffect of action whose sources is simply the air terminal and of vehicles, just as both airplane and ground vehicles, which travel to and from the air terminal (Wells Young, 2004). Inspect the political, natural and social effect an air terminal has on its nearby network. Investigate a few guidelines and guidelines that oversee ecological effect exercises, and clarify how their procedures help fulfill the necessities of the nearby networks while keeping up adequate air terminal activities. Decide and assess the job innovation plays in relieving the dangers and decreasing the ecological effects made via air terminal action. Decide whether a relationship exist between network monetary development markers and air terminal action. Program Outcome tended to by this inquiry. 1. P.O. #1: Students will have the option to apply the essentials of air transportation as a feature of a worldwide, multimodal transportation framework, including the mechanical, social, natural, and political parts of the framework to look at, think about, dissect and suggest end. A scholarly survey will break down the natural effects of air terminals on the encompassing networks in which they serve. An assessment of earth related protests recorded against aeronautics movement and answered to the FAA will decide the most critical natural effects related with air terminals. Anticipating the eventual fate of the worldwide multimodal air transportation framework is inconceivable without first understanding the neighborhood job and duty of every part of the air transportation framework. This inquiry will show proof of fulfilling the Program Outcome by exhibiting how the social, conservative, political, and natural essentials of an air terminal are a basic piece of the air transportation framework, and how these variables add to the relationship that an air terminal has with its encompassing networks. Research and Analysis Air terminals serve a critical job in the political, financial, and social forming of the networks of which they serve because of the sheer reality that they are among the biggest open offices on the planet. Political Roles A significant business air terminal is a tremendous open venture. Some are truly urban areas in their own right, with an incredible assortment of offices and administrations (Wells Young, 2004). Despite the fact that the regulatory capacities and duties of these offices are represented by open elements, air terminals are additionally included private manners. Business air terminals must be worked in participation with the air bearers that give air transportation administration and all air terminals must work with inhabitants, for example, concessionaires, fixed-based administrators (FBOs), and different firms working together on air terminal property. This amalgamation of open administration and private venture designs a one of a kind political job for air terminal administration (Wells Young, 2004). Aircraft transporter air terminal connections. One of the most conspicuous and basic connections in the aeronautics business is the air terminal aircraft relationship. When seeing the relationship from the carriers outlook, an air terminal is a point along their course framework to enplane, deplaning, and moving travelers, load, and cargo. To encourage successful and productive tasks, the aircrafts require explicit offices and administrations at every air terminal. The predetermined necessities of the air terminals are as differed and one of a kind as the aircrafts who demand them; in any case, they hardly stay stale, as they are ever changing and developing to address the issues of traffic requests, monetary conditions, and the serious atmosphere. Before carrier deregulation in 1978, reaction to changes of this sort was moderate and intervened by the administrative procedure. Carriers needed to apply to the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) for consent to add or drop courses or to change admissions. Taxi consultations included distr ibuted notification, remarks from restricting gatherings, and some of the time hearings that could take months, even years, and all individuals from the aircraft air terminal network knew about a carrier bearers expectation to roll out an improvement some time before they got authorization from the CAB (Wells Young, 2004). The Deregulation Act of 1978 empowered air transporters to change their courses and admissions without anticipating the endorsement of the CAB. A considerable lot of these progressions happened without prior warning, causing carrier necessities and prerequisites at air terminals to change with scurry. As opposed to the perspectives of air transporters, which work at different air terminals over a course framework associating numerous urban areas, air terminals focus on pleasing the interests of an assortment of clients at a lone area. Air terminal administrators and chiefs have the arduous undertaking of guaranteeing that they fulfill all the needs and prerequisites of their aircraft transporters while keeping up their assets. Because of the quickly changing points of interest of every aircraft bearer, air terminals regularly discover their administrations and offices requiring improving or revamping, requiring significant capital consumptions or in any event, making out of date a previously built office. Air terminal administrators and supervisors must exercise persistence and alert in understanding that they oblige and should address the issues of different occupants and clients other than the aircraft transporters, and must guarantee that the air terminals landside offices are successfully and productively used. In spite of the fact that the landside offices are of negligible significance to the aircraft transporters, their proficiency can seriously affect and be influenced by their activities. Regardless of their strikingly alternate points of view, aircraft bearers and air terminals share the aggregate target of making the air terminal a fruitful and built up monetary endeavor in which the two gatherings can profit and succeed from. Generally the connection between the aircraft bearers and air terminals has been officially melded using air terminal client understandings which set up the conditions and procedure for building up, computing, and gathering use expenses and charges. These understandings are additionally used to recognize the rights and benefits of air transporters, some of the time including the option to affirm or oppose any major proposed air terminal capital advancement ventures (Wells Young, 2004). Leftover cost air terminals, or air terminals where at least two air bearers accept money related hazard by consenting to pay any cost of running the air terminal that are not distributed to different clients, regularly have longer-term use understandings than c ompensatory air terminals, with understandings of terms of at least 20 years and terms of 30 years or longer not being exceptional. Then again, just around half of compensatory air terminals, or air terminals in which the air terminal administrator accept the monetary danger of running the air terminal and charges the air bearer expenses and rental rates set to recuperate the real expenses, have understandings running for a long time or more, with a significant number of the compensatory air terminals having no authoritative understandings at all with the aircraft transporters (Wells Young, 2004). Concessionaire-air terminal connections. Another imperative relationship which ascribes to an air terminals achievement is the connection between the air terminal and the concessionaires. This is because of the way that most of air terminals depend on their concessionaires so as to produce a lot of their non-aeronautics related incomes. Air terminals keep up the board agreements and concession concurrences with the concessionaires who furnished the air terminal with administrations and offices, for example, banks, cafés, inns, vehicle rental organizations, leaving offices, book shops, bars, blessing shops, taxi administrations, and business focuses. The setting of these understandings shifts, as it were, nonetheless, they regularly broaden the different concessionaires the benefit of working on the property of the air terminal in return for the more noteworthy installment of either a negligible yearly charge, or a level of the incomes. These understandings can fluctuate from outlet to outlet at a similar air terminal relyi ng on the spot, idea of business, conjecture turnover and whether the outlet is new (Francis et. al, 2004). The residency of every understanding between the air terminal and the different concessionaires and the money related conditions fastened to each will shift via air terminal and concessionaire. The length of the legally binding understanding is needy upon a variety of rules, with one of the most significant being the degree of speculation required from the retailer. On the off chance that little speculation is required, at that point an agreement is regularly present moment; be that as it may, in the event that any generous degree of venture is required from the retailer, at that point an agreement of five years would be viewed as the base (Freathy OConnell, 1999). A concessionaire who is frequently disregarded when talking about concessionaire, in spite of its basically significant job, is the fixed based administrator (FBO). FBOs for the most part offer types of assistance for air terminal firms, clients, and occupants lacking offices of their own, commonly through fuel deals, and airplane fix, administration, and support office activities. The agreements and understandings between air terminal administrators and FBOs differ due to FBOs building and building up its own offices on airpor

Legal Aspects of International Business for Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp

Question: Examine about theLegal Aspects of International Business for Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp. Answer: Presentation In the matter of Nissan Motor Mfg. Corp., U.S.A. v. US 693 F.Supp. 1183 (1988), cross movements were made for the rundown judgment, made based on Rule 56 of the Rule of United States Court of International Trade. The inquiry which was brought up in this issue was identified with the burden of obligation over the importation of apparatus for creating the product in an outside exchange subzone (Court Listener, 2017). The offended party, i.e., Nissan Motor Manufacturing Corporation U.S.A., or essentially Nissan, moved to the court for an outline judgment as which the United States Customs Service, or basically Customs, was required to reliquidate the sections of creation hardware, just as, the related capital gear, and furthermore for getting the discount of obligations adding up to over $3,000,000. The United States, i.e., the respondent requested that the court affirm the evaluation of obligation by Customs (JKPC, 2017). The accompanying parts spread a detail of this very case, whereby the contentions set forward by the respondent have been expressed, alongside the choice of the court. However, before that is done, the genuine foundation of this case has been talked about. Verifiable Background According to the US Foreign Trade Zones Act, the authority has been given to the foundations of outside exchange zone, when the product can be imported in an obligation free way, for the reasons identifying with deal; and this incorporates cleaning, blending, reviewing, arranging, disseminating, amassing, repackaging, separating, selling, putting away, blending in with household of remote product, in any case controlled, or can be made aside from as has been given in this part (Enforcement, 2017). In Smyrna, Tennessee, an outside exchange subzone had been made for Nissan. What's more, $116 million worth of apparatus had been imported by Nissan which was being utilized by the organization for assembling the vehicles at its plant. A worth adding up to more than $3,000,000 was surveyed by the US Customs Service as this machinerys import obligations. The duty was paid by Nissan under dissent and the legitimacy of these obligations was tested by the offended party in the court. The evalua tion was maintained by the US Court of International Trade and the offended party advanced against this choice (Cameron, 2015). Respondents Arguments The respondent might want to feature that the comprehensive rundown of exercises contained in the alteration of 1950, the plain language of the rule would mutilate for perusing in different terms as worked, expended, or utilized. The legal developments general guideline is that expressio unius est exclusio alterius, according to which communicating of a specific thing, can be esteemed as an avoidance of the other option. What's more, this respect, the instance of United States v. Douglas Aircraft Co., 62 CCPA 54, 59, C.A.D. 1145 (1975) is useful (Case Text, 2017a). The exercises which have been distinguished by the Congress, in the exhaustive rundown, don't allow any of the activities or establishments of the creation hardware, till the time the obligations have been paid. What's more, aside from the plain perusing of this rule, the 1950 revision of the Foreign Trade Zones Acts administrative history is additionally informative of the goal of the Congress (The Court, 2014). The litigant might want to decipher this very history to delineate the purpose of the Congress with respect to the thought that the zones can't be utilized in complete way to keep away from the obligations on the creation hardware which is utilized or is devoured in that zone. The respondent would additionally bolster the understanding through the authoritative history behind the alteration of the Foreign Trade Zones Act (Durant, 2017). According to this, it has been obviously expressed in the go about according to 1950 alteration that the exclusion from installment of obligations, for the imported product in a remote exchange zone isn't material over the gear and apparatus which has been imported for use in this outside exchange zone (Bolle and Williams, 2013). Despite the fact that this perception has been made in 1984, till which time, the creation hardware had just been imported in the Nissan subzone; it shows the historical backdrop of the correction (Justia, 2017a). A topic was held in Butler v. US Dep't of Agriculture, 826 F.2d 409, 414 n. 6 (fifth Cir.1987) and in Co. v. US, 74 Cust Ct 583, 590, 200 F Supp 302, 308 (1961), aff'd, 50 CCPA 36, C.A.D. 816 (1963) concerning cautious thought of the ensuing articulations as a definitive articulation of the master sentiment (Case Text, 2017b). The offended party had depended upon the instance of Hawaiian Indep Refinery v. US, 81 Cust Ct 117, 460 F Supp 1249 (1978). In this specific issue, importation of raw petroleum occurred in the outside exchange zone and the equivalent was handled at the petroleum processing plant which was situated in the subzone. Later on, a piece of this handled raw petroleum was stores and was utilized based on necessity, as a wellspring of powering the tasks of the processing plant (Leagle, 2017b). The Customs solicited the offended party from the cited case to document refined unrefined petroleum use in the zone as utilization section and furthermore to order the fuel according to TSUS, i.e., Tariff Schedules of the United States. The choice of the uniquely was fought for this situation and it was guaranteed that the refined raw petroleum had not been exposed to obligation. In this issue, it was held that since the refined unrefined petroleum was being utilized as an auxiliary wellspring of duel, the equivalent couldn't be held as dutiable (Justia, 2017b). In any case, the litigant might want to separate between the current case and the cited case. In the cited case, the importance of product under the Foreign Trade Zones Act contained the refined unrefined petroleum. Anyway the creation gear, of the current case, are not secured under the meaning of product because of the comprehensive rundown of the Congress with respect to the admissible tasks not being permitted as an article which can be brought into a zone, which was liberated from obligation and which could be utilized as a creation hardware for making different articles (Leagle, 2017a). The litigant might likewise want to express that as an issue of open approach, it was not the expectation of the Congress to put the household venders or the fabricates of creation apparatus in a way which places them at a serious hindrance concerning the creation hardware which is remote made which could be imported with no obligation for the outside exchange zones and which could be sold in a less expensive way (Leagle, 2017a). It was expressed in one of the Customs Service Decision with respect to the creation apparatus, which had been imported from Japan all things considered, for utilization of the equivalent in some other outside exchange zone. All things considered, it was expressed by the Customs that every single article can't be regarded as product. The respondent might again want to feature that the administrative proposition concerning license the passage of creation hardware in a particular way in a remote exchange zone, without the paying the obligations was dismissed by the Congress (Leagle, 2017a). Based on Hawaiian Indep Refinery v. US, the litigant might likewise want to express that the duty plans are applied on Nissan through the go about as the installment of these obligations was explicitly considered by the Board, which was made in the subzone. Also, according to the litigant, the Board has the intensity of endorsing the standards and guidelines which are required for doing the Act and consequently, the installment of obligations with respect to the creation hardware can't be denied by Nissan (Leagle, 2017a). The respondent might likewise want to express that the organization had recognized in an inferred way the prerequisite of paying the obligation on the creation gear for building up a remote exchange zone a formal and complete application, alongside in the FTZ Systems fundamental arrangement. These were submitted in 1982 May. These records help in obviously characterizing the degree which has been conceded by the Board with respect to the zone (Leagle, 2017a). Choice of the Court It was held by the court that without offering respects to the authority of the Board to put conditions on the award of a zone for the creation types of gear installment of obligation, the Board was not molded to allow subzone of the Company any understood guarantee, in light of the records introduced in May, concerning installment of obligations. This end was reached by the Court as the Resolution and Order had just been embraced and the Grant of Authority had just been conveyed; all the more significantly, these reports had just been distributed in the Federal Register (Leagle, 2017a). Concerning the Boards activities, it was held by the Court that when the application was made by the organization to the Board, a reference was not made as to the creation machinerys dutiable status and the stupendous of power given by the Board didn't confine the privilege of entering the creation apparatus in the zone by the organization, without installment of the obligations or adapted the award in a way which could have deferred the privileges of the organization to challenge the section prerequisite of Customs trough documenting of a dissent against the liquidation, alongside started activities to tested the fights refusal. Furthermore, do, the second contention of the respondent was declined. However, it was plainly expressed that the destruction of the second contention of the litigant didn't crush the accomplishment of the primary contention made by the respondent, which was identified with the rule and the authoritative history (Schaffer, Agusti and Dhooge, 2014). Based on the language given in the administering demonstration, i.e., in Foreign Trade Zones Act and its revisions, alongside the administrative history introduced by the respondent, it was held by the Court that the creation apparatus and the related capital gear must be held dutiable. The assurance of the

The Reasons that Cause Teenagers Social Problems Essay

The Reasons that Cause Teenagers Social Problems How often do we hear that teenager pregnancies have dramatically increased in TV, radio, and newspaper? Along with this are teenagers dropping out of school and they sell drugs at school. There are many reasons that cause these social problems. Peer groups pressure, friends, teachers, and the law are all contributing to the process of teenager making decision. Sometimes these factors are the major influences on them. However, parental s influence is the most important key for young people to look up to make their decision. More than one million teens, most under the age of eighteen, run away from home every year. The reason is the lack of communication with parents. Sometimes†¦show more content†¦However, once they talked to her, they used threats to get their messages across. For example, they told her that the next time she got D for any classes, they would take her phone line off. Also, she wouldnt get to go out with her friends as well as cut off her allowances. As a result, she planned to drop out of school, and run away from her parent in the middle of our senior year in high school. She told me that she was no good to anyone, she got upset and fuss at home and it caused trouble for everyone. She had to run away to make everyone understand her. As you can see my friend s decision pretty much based on what her parent reactions. Therefore, parents need to get more involve in their teenagers life. Some people say control messages are effective in shaping teenagers behavior up to a point; an overemphasis on control often results in rebellion. As in The Initiation of a Maasai Warrior story that is written by Tepilit Ole Saitoti, the author described that he fought back with his father restriction order by stay on in the Korongoro Highlands without his fathers permission. After his circumcision, he was always told to let his father know where he was anytime. However, he didnt like this idea. The result was he escaped from his house by sta ying out for the whole night without fear of the consequence that might turned out. This was a sign telling his father that he would rebel as if he felt the order of his fatherShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Internet On Teenagers1361 Words   |  6 Pages As teenagers use the internet exponentially growing in the last decades. In this study focused on three reasons internet doesn’t make teenagers smart they are:(1) teenagers usage for the internet; (2) Internet deals with teenagers privacy; (3) Internet causes teenagers not doing well in school. Researcher’s such as the Pew Research Center has proven that 80% teenagers ages 12-17 are in social media everyday. Over past years the percentage of teenagers in social media rises to 20%. 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Are Transport, Distribution and Logistics in Mainland China Efficient - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1449 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Logistics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Are transport, distribution and logistics in mainland China efficient? Victoria University China. Currently the worlds manufacturing plant, and is constantly growing. Chinas main export destinations are the United States, the European Union, Hong Kong, and Japan which accounts for 68% of export value. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Are Transport, Distribution and Logistics in Mainland China Efficient?" essay for you Create order In the last decade Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s booming economy has greatly benefited from globalization and trade liberation. With such a huge amount of productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s being manufactured in China, it brings to concern how these products are getting out of China. Is Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s transport, logistics and distribution systems efficient? Chinas logistics first started off with the three-tier distribution system, this distribution model used the top down approach. Under this distribution model, only state owned wholesalers were allowed to provide logistics services. The three major hubs for tier-1 distribution centres were located in Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Tier-2 distribution centres were typically located in Provence capitals, this tier mainly dealt with distribution to major urban areas, storage and transportation. Tire-3 operate in smaller cities and towns, they provided additional storage and final delivery location. When a product reaches tier-1 loca tions it then flows down each tier until tier-3 in which the product is then delivered to the business or customer. Amongst this tier system, there were no competitive motives; the performance of the system was measured in terms of the fulfilment of the central administration goals as well as arrangement with political interests. Today China has liberated the three tier system, the state still takes part in state owned enterprises, but limit the partition of privately owned companies were allowed and encourages (Luk Sherriff, 1998). The impact of a products being delayed can be a problem, delays can be associated with the image of the company, and having an order delayed can cause negative reputation with supplier. In terms of exporters in relation to delays, in some cases they would need to offer price discounts, rebates, or maybe penalised. Longer delays may even lead to cancelations of orders, the return of cargo, which can cause major logistical problems at port, and may als o disrupt the supplierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cash flow. The rail network in China is vast; however it is still not capable of easing congestion on highways. There is still a shortage or rail way networks in China. The rail system has been primarily used to server as a means of transporting build material such as coal, steel and iron additionally the rails system has also been used to transport iron ore, coal and other taw materials. China rail has not proved viable for finished goods and industrial products to long booking times and delays. During 2005 less than 1% of containers were moved by rail, during this time container trucks were the dominant transport mode for freight. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s manufacturing is moving more inland and ports are becoming more congested. China plants to solve this by increasing their rail logistics by introducing eighteen inland railway logistics hub. (Mongelluzzo, 2007). China is still growing at an alarming rate, and Chinas infrastructure i s still not capable of coping with the huge demand generated by its economy. Compared to other countered, the efficiency of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s logistical industry is still low compared to the ratio of logistics expenditure to GDP. Furthermore the addition of packing, transport, storage and Damage, the ratio of logistics coast to total manufacturing range from 40% to 60%, where in other developed nations this can be close to 20%. IF logistics costs are broken down, transport accounts for a substantial 57% of costs of inventory. This indicates transporting costs in China can be more than double that of a developed country. (Johnson, 2007). Most of Chinas warehouse were built as single story buildings, these structures had low celling, poor lightning, and inadequate temperature control this then lead to food and perishables to spoil. Additional there were also unskilled managements in place. Manual labour is still heavily utilised in China given its abundance and given that it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cheaper to hire someone instead of using technology to facilitate the temperature, in this circumstance. Automation in warehousing is rare most of order placements and retrieval is done manually, which can lead to errors being made. China churns out a lot of products for a lot of companies and countries, the main and in some instances the only way of getting a product out of China is thought its ports. Almost 90% of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international trade is handles though maritime transport. This called for major investments in port infrastructure, and intense competition had led to extremity efficient ports that are in some instances better than some European and North American Ports. Despite Chinese ports being so efficient, they are still affected by bureaucratic customs procedures and in some cases low customer service. Companies which are located close to Ports are less affected by the inefficient transport and logistics mentioned before (Culliane, 2004). China understands this massive foreign investment and the Chinese government is always expanding. Since 2000 major transport infrastructure has been built, including 250,000 kilometres of highways and 24,700 kilometres of express way, at the end of 2006 the total length of Chinese highway had reached 3,457,000 kilometreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and 77,00 kilometres of railway (Waters, 2007). Additionally China has kept improving their infrastructure since 2006. Completion of 14 expressways including one from Beijing to Hong Kong and Macao, six new additional railways for passengers transport, including one between Beijing and Shanghai, inner city rails from Beijing to Tianjin and the upgrading of five existing railways including one between Datong and Qinhuangdao, dredging of deep water channels at the mouth of the Yangtze river, more dredging at the mouth of the Pearl River to the sea, and channel dredging in the Yangtze and pearl river valleys as well as the Beijing-Hangzhou c anal. Furthermore an addition of ten new airports were constructed, such are those in Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou. New pipelines and railroads infrastructure for transportations of iron ore, coal, imported crude oil and container at twelve seaports, including those at Shanghai, Dalian and Tianjin ports. New coal transit and storage points in eastern China. All of these major infrastructure improvements were done between 2006 and 2010. (CGOWP, 2006) Chinas infrastructure, for transportation and logistics were lacking behind in the early 2000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and late 1999à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s however with the current rate at which china is improving their infrastructure ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s no doubt China will improve their transport, distribution and logistics in the future. The growth in port capacity has kept pace with demand and is not seen as a major bottleneck besides the regulations of customs. The development of rail network and improvements with dredging in major ri ver arteries can dramatically improve the efficiency of moving items. Major companies which are located inland from chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s coast are suffering in getting their products to ports; however costal companies which are located near ports donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have this problem. However costal real-estate is becoming more expensive and companies are being forced inland additionally some companies operate in both locations which need items from inland manufacturing facilities to be transported to costal manufacturing plants, so improvements in rail network will ease this problem and will give more confidence for new companies to move inland (Luo et al., 2014). In terms of recommendations, I would recommend China to continue growing, and improve their infrastructure, however many foreign countries might see this as a problem due to human rights. When China wants to construct a highway, they just relocate people and build it, without the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinio n taken into consideration. A prime example of this happening was when the Chinese government decided to solve their power shortage, and build a dam on the Yangtze River. Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydro power dam in the world, capable of generating 98.8 TWh of power per year. When upon competition thousands of people were forced to move elsewhere. Additional upon full capacity of the dam hundreds of acres of land were destroyed by the water (Y et al., 2015). Bibliography B.Y.P., L., D, W. , 2014. Changing landscapes of transport and logistics in China. CGOWP, 2006. Chinas Key Transport Infrastructure Projects. [Online] Available at: https://english.gov.cn/archive/statistics/ [Accessed 15 March 2015]. Culliane, K..F.W.T..C.S., 2004. Container Terminal Development in Mainland China. Transport Reviews, p.24. Luk Sherriff, T., 1998. Structural Changes in Chinas Distribution System. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, pp.28, 44. Luo, X., Zhu, N. Zou , H.-F., 2014. Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lagging region development and targeted transportation infrastructure investments. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., 2002. Transport logistics shared solutions to common challenges. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Y, Y. et al., 2015. Concentrations, distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural topsoil of the Three Gorges Dam region, China. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dylan Moonsamys4082152Victoria University

A Comparative Study of Walmart - 6782 Words

A Comparative Study of Walmart Operations in Canada amp; Mexico Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦...2 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 3. Walmart and the Canadian Marketplace†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A. Country Competitiveness B. Cultural Environment C. Political and Legal Environment D. Entry Strategies 4. Walmart and the Mexican Marketplace†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 A. Country Competitiveness B. Cultural Environment C. Political and Legal Environment D. Entry Strategies 5. Summary Comparison of Canadian and Mexican Markets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18 6. Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 7. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...21 1. Executive†¦show more content†¦(Walmart, 2012) The company announced a $750 million, 73-store expansion plan in early 2012. A. Country Competitiveness A large multinational company such as Walmart experiences different opportunities and challenges in the countries in which it does business. Walmart being the largest retailer in the world, must adapt to varying business environments. Canada’s competitiveness relative to Walmart’s expansion is viewed through Porter’s diamond framework. Country-Level Determinants The passage of NAFTA represented an enticing opportunity for Walmart to capitalize on the discount store industry, of which only Zellers and K-Mart had a presence in. NAFTA also paved the road for Walmart’s expansion into Canada. The agreement had the intention of creating job and economic growth as well as eliminating tariffs and controls on goods transported amongst the three countries. This phenomenon of internationalization created openness and capability for Walmart to capitalize on goods production in one country, followed by movement and sales in the other. Moreover, currency valuation in present day represents an opportunity for retailers to expand into the Canadian market. Due to the strong Canadian dollar, the economic conditions are enticing for any retailer looking to expand – a key reason why Target has transitioned into the market. 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Argumentative Essay on Teen Pregnancy free essay sample

Some people say that this is society’s fault. Although having sex and getting pregnant is due to personal choices and decisions, there are a few things society could do to prevent it. Excessive teenage pregnancy could be controlled with appropriate media, more readily available birth control, and people to set good examples for young women. Just flipping through the channels on a Saturday afternoon you can see all sorts of inappropriate media full of sexual suggestions. Even aside from all the sex scenes in movies, there are shows about teen pregnancy. Shows like Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant make pregnancy seem acceptable and cool. If having sex at young ages didn’t seem like the cool thing to do, many teens wouldn’t do it. Taking inappropriate shows and movies off the air could make a difference in the teenage pregnancy rate. There are many forms of birth control. In a lot of arguments about teen pregnancy there is talk about making condoms more readily available, but I think that other forms of birth control that are more consistently effective should be promoted instead. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay on Teen Pregnancy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Condoms are important to use, but many times they can break or be ineffective. Plus let’s face it, in the heat of the moment lack of a condom doesn’t always keep sex from happening. Birth control pills are a cheaply made, more effective form of birth control. If forms of birth control such as the pill were cheaper and easier to get, more teens would be protected and less would get pregnant. The world in general is in need of good role models. Anyone that tweens and teens look up to should really try to focus on setting a good example. In a world full of bad examples, its especially important to set good ones for the group of people in that developmental stage. Teenagers need role models to protect them from falling victim to the pressures of today’s society, especially the sexual ones. In conclusion, I believe that teenage pregnancy is a very important issue. The sexual society of today’s America has resulted in a large increase in teen pregnancy. Programs that promote teen pregnancy and things that lead to teen pregnancy should be taken off every day television. Although it is going to be impossible to keep teens from having sex, making birth control extremely easy to use and get ahold of could have a huge effect on the teenage pregnancy rate. These two things along with good parental guidance and support, and good role models to look up to, would keep most teens from getting pregnant.

Abnormal psychology free essay sample

Running Header: Bipolar Life Bipolar Abstract This project will look at the character, Dr. Kay Jamison, from the autobiography, An Mind. It summarizes the whole book which is based on her life experiences while dealing with bipolar. It describes how she was diagnosed with the disorder. This project discuss symptoms, causes, and treatments. It will talk about the defense mechanisms that Dr. Kay Jamison most commonly used, rationalization and sublimation. The theoretical perspectives that were used to describe her disorder were the humanistic and the psychodynamic approach. Kay earned to deal with her disorder and took medication to help ease the symptoms and wrote the autobiography. Part l: Summary The book written by Dr. Kay Jamison, tells her life story describing her illness of being a manic depressant, which is now referred to as bi-polar. She describes her childhood as growing up in a loving but military regimented and structured household where she was encouraged to explore her curiosity and vast scientific interests. We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormal psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having grown up and living on military bases, Kay kept constantly moving where she attended four different schools by the time she reached he 5th grade. But even so, she had what she described as a normal life with having close friends and even a boyfriend. Her life took a different twist by the time she reached fifteen years old. She was attending a regular high school in a wealthy community in California. When she left behind her conservative life to attend this high school, she felt completely out of place. She lost her ability to cope and adjust. Kay found that this regular school was highly competitive in both academics and athletics. The competitiveness of this school left Kay feeling humiliated and inadequate. At round this time, she also started seeing changes in her fathers behavior. This one time, a very loose and engaging man was now a very depressed, pessimistic, drinking individual fly into rages. She was scared to even go home at this point. Her own mother would stay away from the house becoming more involved with her work to avoid the home life. It was during her senior year in high school when Kay experienced what she described as her first attack with her depressive illness. She stated she would start rambling and becoming out of control with her talking. Suddenly nothing made sense in her world and she ouldnt concentrate or comprehend things in class. She would have to read things over and over. Her once imaginative mind had turned on her and she could no longer focus. She found nothing interesting or worthwhile. It was also when she had her first thoughts of death and that life was not worth living. Kay withdrew from people and would literally avoided contact. She didnt even want to get out of bed. Her college years were filled with more confusion with continual feelings of suicide. There was also an excessive spending on elaborate items. One of her purchases was a horse that he couldnt even afford to keep and other non essential items. She continued to miss more classes and was unable to concentrate. Her initial major was medicine, but she knew she could not provide the concentration that was required in this field so she switched her major to psychology. Kay knew she needed help and that she had a mental illness. It was at this point she was prescribed and took the drug called Lithium to control her Once she started taking the Lithium she could now process things. She was no longer hallucinating. This medication enabled her to slow down. She ended up seeing a sychiatrist to help address her problems. Kay knew that the drug along with psychotherapy would keep her from relapsing, but she was embarrassed having to take it. The drug seemed to almost make her feel like she was in a drunken state. At times, Kay wrongly felt like she could stop taking the Lithium and she was the exception that could have a normal life without it. But when she stopped, her manic- depressive condition came back even stronger. It was at this time she attempted suicide. Kay felt as if she was a burden for her friends and family staying alive in her condition. She recovered rom this attempt and came to terms with the realization she would have to continue this medication for the rest of her life. At this time, she discovered that her condition was hereditary and that three generations of family members had it. It was very difficult being in the psychiatry field and to confide with others about her condition. As for professional reasons, she was concerned about the perception that colleagues would view her as weak and she wanted the respect of her peers. She was also concerned that exposing her illness would Jeopardize her ability to obtain a medical icense and perspective employers and whether they would hire her. Dr. Jamison reflects in her book that despite struggling with her illness, this was a success story. She recognized the need to take medications to control this illness. She also recognized the importance of continual medication compliance with not only herself, but for all patients. Kay confided in those she could trust and was fortunate to have the love and support from so many friends, family, husband and colleagues. As she pointed out there are so many people in many professions suffering from this condition. Many manic depressant individuals end up self-medicating, making them alcoholics or drug abusers and eventually committing suicide. She went on with her life with no regrets and lives it without guilt or embarrassment. This is not a condition that is brought upon by up bringing or lifestyle. Manic depression is a disease that requires treatment. The author is able to see from a different perspective as to how the condition effects patients and has a unique understanding of the illness. She can describe from a firsthand point of view on the importance of taking medication for this condition. Part II: Diagnosis Axis I: Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness). Axis Ill: No medical conditions. Axis lv. She had multiple stressors that could have influenced her disorder. She moved to California, off the military base where she felt most comfortable. She had a bad relationship with her sister, her father had a drinking problem, high school was to difficult, divorced her husband, and had many relationships with other men. Axis V: Lowest Score: 19. Even though Kay knew she had something wrong with her and received therapy, she was still severely suffering from her bipolar disorder. No matter what she tried doing, nothing seemed to help in the long term. She took lithium to help ease the symptoms, but it would make her unable to concentrate. Every time she would stop taking it, her episodes would come back even stronger than before. This lead her to attempt suicide by overdosing on the medication. Highest Score: 81 . After her attempted suicide, she received much more medical care and she was able to recover. She continued taking the medication and went on with her life. She was able to work and have relationships. She was showing little to no symptoms of er disorder and was satisfied with her life. Average Score: 50. ad been suffering from bipolar disorder or also called manic-depressive illness which was how it was referred to back in the seventies. At first, it was thought that Kay was suffering from a major depressive disorder. Her first attack of depression came when she was in high school in which she described it as being very confused all the time, feeling of worthlessness, and she wanted to avoid any contact with people. The n, when she was enrolled in college, she started to have sudden changes in her mood. At one moment, she would be excessively happy and euphoric, then she would become irritable and angry for no reason. She would always be restless and suffered from insomnia. She would also have abnormal shopping frenzies. Some of her purchase were a horse that she couldnt even afford, undesirable styles of furniture, an abundant amount of watches with an overall price of $30,000, and twelve snakebite kits. All of these symptoms are clear signs of a manic episode. Kay had multiple periods of depression and manic episodes which led to thoughts of hopelessness and a suicide attempt. She had multiple relationships with men in which she had excessive involvement in pleasurable activities. Another disorder that Kay could have arguably had was cyclotymic disorder. It is similar to bipolar, but the symptoms are less intense. Kay had prescribed to her which is why she is diagnosed with bipolar. Part Ill: Research Bipolar is a mood disorder which is categorized under axis I of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Bipolar can be defined as people who have excessive amounts of mood swings that alternate from states of depression or mania. It is also possible for a person to experience both mania and depression symptoms at the same time. For most people, it is embarrassing to be labeled with this disorder because they feel as though theres a stigma that comes along with it. Without the right support system or care, people with bipolar can find life very unbearable. When studying bipolar disorder, many researchers look at the symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatments. Bipolar is rare disorder to develop. It is equally obtainable in both males and females. Until recently, researchers have found that no more than one percent of the general opulation has the disorder (Akiskal, 2010). Now, there is new evidence that for a higher prevalence of up to at least five percent (Akiskal, 2010). This new rise in the percentage can be due to the fact that people are becoming more acceptable of their condition. In todays society, people are more caring for others with disorders and encourage those who are less fortunate to seek help. can be observed can fall under the category of mania. Mania can be defined as a state in which a person has an excessive amount of euphoria and delusions. A person that is in a state of mania ay experience risky behaviors, decrease in sleep, racing thoughts, and an increase in sex drive (Malhi, 2003). A person may feel as though they are invincible and that they are on top of the world. This leads to them participating in dangerous activities like car surfing, mixing different types of drugs, or even participating in sexual activity with many people. A person in a state of mania may experience many sleepless nights. When people sleep, there brain releases a chemical known as serotonin, which is responsible for regulating mood, sleep, appetite, and dreams (Basics, 2007). Its a known fact that the average person needs anywhere between seven to eight hours of sleep. When people dont get enough sleep, they have a build up of serotonin which can cause irrational thinking and delusions (Basics, 2007). This can cause people to break away from reality. Manic people also may obtain many thoughts that can lead to impulsive behavior. An example of an impulsive behavior that a person may have is going on a spending spree. When people are in the mania state go on spending sprees, theyll make irrational purchases. They will buy things that they dont even need or any desire of the Abnormal Psychology free essay sample The Court has now considered whether or not juveniles should be sentenced to life without parole (LWOP). They have ruled that life without parole may not be given to a juvenile unless their crime involves murder. With restrictions already placed on the  death  sentence, retaining the possibility of life without parole is important. Society needs an ultimate punishment for those who commit heinous crimes and also as a deterrent. The Courts decision should encourage those who run prisons to focus on rehabilitation, as more people will eventually be up for parole. † (Richards, 2011) An interesting bit of information I read states, â€Å"Connecticut is one of just three states where the age of jurisdiction for a juvenile ends at 16. In Connecticut, a juvenile is any person under the age of 16, or over the age of 16 but who violated the law before turning 16. Cases involving arrests of juveniles who are 16 and older are heard in adult court. We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormal Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Legislation has recently been passed to review this juvenile age policy. (Haller, 2006) I feel that the community these teens lives in should not be entirely responsible to pay for the cleanup and or rebuild of the destruction a certain group of teens did. Nor should the parent which is why I propose that the community service jobs’ pay could go towards the amount it would take to fix their mistakes. This would teach them a little something about responsibility as well as take care of the issue at hand. I am not entirely sure I agree with the death penalty in general but I agree with this statement from Richards as I fully believe everyone deserves a second chance. In the paragraphs to come I intend to cover my opinion in further detail as to why I think the juvenile justice system should adopt the focus I believe in as well as how it will affect the law enforcement, the court processes probation, corrections, community services as well as the intervention programs. Towards the end of my paper I also intend to discuss the opposing view and why I feel they are not a valid choice. I feel that the juvenile justice system should look further into primarily using rehabilitation for their troubled youths because everyone deserves a second chance. They may have committed the crimes that are being held against them but they also may have learned their lesson because of the reality of the situation. I would hate for a life to go to waste from sitting behind bars when they could have been through the rehabilitation process and possibly some counseling and truly learned from their mistakes, if they would be fully capable of leading an otherwise successful life. I definitely feel that they need to be punished for what they did regardless if they were under the influence or claim they didn’t know what they were doing at the time, the victim and their families deserve at least that but I think that sentencing them to extensive jail time or prison time is counterproductive. You want those who have been through the justice system once or twice to go and talk about their experience in hopes that it would deter other teens and young adults from committing crimes. While focusing on the rehabilitation aspect of things, I feel these at risk teens should be participating in community services. They could be picking up trash along the roads, wash graffiti off the train cars or even be cheap labor for the county in the form of mowing county lawns or helping road construction or garbage disposal companies. I think my idea behind this would be to prove that life isn’t easy and even though you made a serious mistake, you can be successful in the end. Neither job is a glorious job but it has to be done not to mention the pay isn’t all bad (once they are in the actual position not just being cheap labor that is). Obviously if things go the way I am hoping, there will be a reduction in court cases as well as hopefully arrests therefore it would directly affect law enforcement as well as the court system but I think the affect could be both positive and negative. While it would definitely reduce the number of cases a probation officer would see, the judges and the lawyers would deal with, it could also give these particular people more time to deal with other types of more severe crimes or extra time with their own families. I feel that even one teen touched and moved by the horror story of another having gone through jail and probation would be worth the change. It would be nice if our generations could grow up knowing that yes the justice system is there to serve and protect but it also wants those who go through the system to learn and become rehabilitated to be a successful member of their community. â€Å"The current controversy over juvenile justice results in part from the fact that many states have shifted the focus of the juvenile justice system from rehabilitation to punishment and deterrence.

Validity, Reliability and Generalization in Research

Validity, Reliability and Generalization in Research Introduction Validity, reliability and generalization are important concepts in business and management research. In different contexts, research is a clearly defined process where different elements and are studied, analysed and presented to show new approaches that increase knowledge regarding a particular phenomenon. Validity, reliability and generalization are crucial concepts in management research because they determine the manner in which management theory is applied.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Validity, Reliability and Generalization in Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern management theories have demystified many assumptions that are related to business practices which are observed in various environments (Riege 2003, p. 75). Therefore, it is important for researchers to understand the link between theory and practice and how these two concepts impact on management discourses. Thi s paper will analyse the importance of validity, reliability and generalization in business research. The Role of Validity, Reliability and Generalization Validity can be described as an element of research which ensures that a study is conducted in a professional, accurate and systematic manner. This increases the credibility of a research study in the eyes of different people who are directly affected by its findings. In modern management research, validity ensures that a researcher vets the quality of his work before he shares his findings with other people (Riege 2003, p. 77). This approach enables a researcher to use accurate empirical tests to find out more about the sources of his information and how they impact on the quality of information he obtains. This ensures all conclusions reached by his study are backed up by relevant data and statistics. It is important for the data gathered and conclusions reached to correlate to bring about the desired conclusions in a particular study to make its findings more relevant to its users. Therefore, research studies should be conducted in a manner that allows findings to be interpreted in different management and business contexts. Different forms of research design use tests and other procedures to determine the level of validity in a researcher’s work. There has been a divergence of views about how various aspects of cause and effect relationships influence the application of the gathered data and statistics in research. For instance, in some aspects of case study research, researchers may be forced to review their personal feelings towards different subjects they are studying to ensure they maintain an objective approach in their work (Riege 2003, p. 81). A researcher needs to rely on other external tools to remove any bias that may negatively impact on the validity of conclusions and findings adopted by his study. In academic and real world perspectives, there is a difference in the manner in which kn owledge gathered is understood and applied.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though there are strong synergies between academic research and real world management approaches, a researcher needs to find out specific objectives he intends to achieve. However, a researcher needs to understand differences between academic environments and real world business environments and how they impact on his work. Reliability is an important concept in management research. It allows a researcher to attain goals that have been set in the beginning to ensure he understands how his study is likely to impact on different groups of people. Therefore, concepts of openness, debate and objectivity help to measure the reliability of a particular research study and its findings. In management and business research, researchers must be ready to defend the methodologies they u se to come up with different conclusions and findings (Cornelissen Thorpe 2004, p. 3). They need to use evidence based, real life situations to ensure that the knowledge they gather can be used to make a positive impact in different fields. It must be noted that modern business research is applied in an environment characterised by constantly changing management practices which threaten the relevance of previous bodies of knowledge gathered through research. Therefore, all processes a researcher uses to come up with new bodies of knowledge should measure up to high intellectual standards. Researchers need to use analysis processes which are correctly linked to the central idea of their studies. They need to use techniques which accurately capture the viewpoints of different sources of information they use in their studies. More importantly, both academic and real world applications of knowledge obtained should be able to verify the accuracy and suitability of various research proce sses used. For instance, tests are used in research to find out if specific processes used by a researcher are logical and accurate. It is also important for a research study to show how results obtained can be transferred to other settings to reveal how they correlate with other forms of knowledge (Cornelissen Thorpe 2004, p. 6). A researcher needs to understand that every study undertaken seeks to find out new knowledge and how it can be applied in different academic and business contexts. Therefore, a study conducted should be analysed and critiqued by different scholars to find out the credibility of arguments it advances. The concept of generalisation has a significant role in business and management research. In some instances, researchers may need to use existing bodies of knowledge to come up with hypothesis regarding different phenomena they are studying. This allows them to understand the main arguments that justify their studies and specific qualities of phenomena they a re studying.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Validity, Reliability and Generalization in Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many researchers move from the known to the unknown concepts in their quest to uncover new information regarding a particular phenomenon (Cornelissen Thorpe 2004, p. 9). This allows them to use a study process that connects data collection, methodologies and theoretical applications of the knowledge they obtain. Therefore, generalizations equip researchers with important skills which they use to find out more about different paradigms of existing research knowledge. In effect, they are able to understand specific problems they seek to solve through their studies. Consequently, they are able to identify gaps between theory and practice and how they impact on the way business research knowledge is applied. Generalizations guide researchers to make both correct and incorrect inf erences regarding cause and effect relationships that affect various phenomena they intend to study. As a result, this allows researchers to use different approaches to predict and measure different variables. It is important for researchers to have safeguards to ensure that methodologies and research designs they use conform to high intellectual standards. In addition, researchers need to gradually shift from a perception influenced by multiple perspectives to one influenced by methodologically proven concepts to strengthen their arguments (Cornelissen Thorpe 2004, p. 13). They need to interpret different theories within existing business and management frameworks to find out their true impacts. They also need to use both analytical and empirical studies to come up with comprehensive knowledge in their studies. Therefore, this makes their studies more comprehensive because they are able to highlight issues that have not been well addressed by other existing bodies of knowledge. Ap plication of Validity, Reliability and Generalization in Designing a Questionnaire The role of validity, reliability and generalizations in questionnaire design needs to highlight important factors that underpin Human Resource Management research in an academic setting. The research design needs to focus on the contemporary application of existing HRM research theories in both academic and professional contexts. This approach will make it possible for a researcher to determine the relevance of current HRM bodies of knowledge in equipping students with vital skills they need to succeed (Tsang Williams 2012, p. 5). Therefore, this approach allows a researcher to avoid personal biases that may influence the nature of findings obtained from his study. It is important for a researcher to formulate important objectives he seeks to achieve to ensure he comes up with a strong hypothesis. Since HRM consists of many concepts, questionnaires should be brief and clear to ensure they elicit val id responses from participants.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Objectivity in research questionnaires allows respondents to contribute their answers accurately. As a result, a researcher is able to use more appropriate methodologies which measure different variables that impact on a study. In effect, a researcher will be in a position to understand limitations that make respondents not to share accurate information regarding a particular phenomenon. Therefore, these principles are beneficial during sampling because a researcher takes time to vet all participants to determine their suitability. This will enable him to compile a list of participants who are aware about their specific responsibilities in making the study a success. In effect, a researcher is able to use suitable methodological tools and sampling techniques which have worked well in previous research studies to conduct his own study (Tsang Williams 2012, p. 7). Additionally, a researcher may opt to develop his own research methodology which is suitable for his study. All these fac tors determine the nature of results obtained out of a particular research process. An effective research process needs to focus on situational factors that impact on the information gathered from respondents. Previous HRM models have focused on understanding events that occur in various organisational settings and how various factors they outline can be measured or controlled. More importantly, validity, reliability and generalisation allow deductive reasoning by a researcher to ensure all steps of his study state specific implications that are likely to be realised. Consequently, this allows a researcher to design a questionnaire that serves multiple purposes as a data gathering tool. As a result, the questionnaire is able to capture behavioural as well as personality issues that are likely to influence respondents’ bias and attitudes (Tsang Williams 2012, p. 11). Furthermore, this helps him to understand beforehand the quality of responses that he expects to obtain throug h his study. Thus, a researcher is able to understand the limitations of processes he is using and how they can be addressed to improve the quality of his findings. The three concepts allow researchers to share relevant knowledge with their participants on how different management perspectives shape their thinking. The patterns of questioning used may either describe or gradually predict the manner in which different participants involved in the study are likely to respond. Therefore, using literature already gathered, a researcher is able to make inferences on the type of results he is likely to obtain to understand if they confirm or contradict his earlier assumptions. This makes it possible for a researcher to investigate different aspects of reality thoroughly, to come up with new theoretical findings that add value to the study (Vincent, Bharadwaj Challagalla 2005, p. 11). Since most of the participants in such a study are likely to be students, a researcher gets an opportunit y to investigate their understanding about real world application of HRM principles. Through their participation, the researcher may get to learn how to interpret the data gathered constructively. These processes are also important in the formulation of a hypothesis. The hypothesis serves as a comprehensive assumption that allows a researcher to think analytically about what he intends to achieve from the research process he embarks on. As a result, a researcher takes time to look at different theoretical interpretations of the topic he seeks to study and their relevance. More importantly, validity, reliability and generalisation allow a researcher to move from broad theoretical concepts to narrow theoretical concepts as he investigates different factors that impact on his study. In effect, this allows him to make a positive impression on HRM post graduate students because of the high levels of professionalism he exhibits in his work (Vincent, Bharadwaj Challagalla 2005, p. 16). Th erefore, he will be able to come up with appropriate findings and conclusions that stimulate intellectual discourse in different settings they are applied. When using generalizations to design questionnaires and other methodological tools, researchers need to take note of standards used to measure the quality of management research. In their research designs, they should maintain links between empirical models and other processes used gather and document the information they gather. The empirical formats used and the results obtained out of these processes should match characteristics of phenomena being studied (Vincent, Bharadwaj Challagalla 2005, p. 18). Moreover, it is important for a researcher to find out specific theoretical concepts that are important to his study and how they affect the credibility of results obtained. For instances, a researcher may need to understand how various branches of HRM studied by students influence their academic and career choices. As a result, this makes him take note of research gaps that are likely to occur in his questionnaires to understand how they are likely to affect his study. Recommendations for a Questionnaire Before the questionnaire is done, it is important for effective sampling techniques to be used to determine the nature of the respondents. The researcher needs to find out the number of people he intends to gather responses from and how they represent the whole population the survey will be based on. Since the questionnaire will mainly target HRM post graduate students, the first criterion for a respondent that seeks to be included in the sample is that he or she must belong to this population (Mohrman, Gibson Mohrman 2001, p. 358). Subsequently, he must look at other factors that are likely to define the exact sample for his study such as; age, lifestyle, cultural background, previous professional training and career ambitions. Therefore, he needs to use randomisation techniques to ensure he chooses resp ondents with diverse behaviour, lifestyles and career aspirations, to make his study more credible. The final number of respondents chosen should represent all the other students in the institution. The stratification technique will make it possible for the researcher to find out if the sample he has chosen is a true representation of all postgraduate HRM students in the institution. The researcher needs to decide on the segments of all student population that are crucial to the survey and their respective statistical relevance to the study. In addition, the researcher will have to use different criteria to stratify all segments of the student population by focusing on their interests, learning patterns, intellectual accomplishments and their attitudes towards the course. The researcher can use computer applications to select student respondents who represent different categories (Mohrman, Gibson Mohrman 2001, p. 360). Subsequently, a researcher needs to include representative perc entages of all sub-groups that are to be used in the sample before proceeding with the study. This approach will help a researcher to come up with a more accurate sample that comprises of students drawn from all statistically relevant sub-groups. Before designing the questionnaire, the researcher needs to understand the manner in which survey estimates are going to be tabulated. Both sampling and non-sampling errors are likely to affect the design of the questionnaire survey used by the researcher. The design of the sample needs to look at differences in estimates which are likely to affect the quality of the sample used. In addition, the researcher needs to note other non- sampling errors in questionnaire design which may affect the quality of responses he obtains. For instance, errors that occur due to bias may distort the views of the surveyed population thereby casting aspersions on the objectivity of the findings. He also needs to find out if his sampling techniques stratify th e targeted population effectively (Mohrman, Gibson Mohrman 2001, p. 362). As a result, the researcher needs to be aware about this issue because it may make it difficult for him to compile accurate data from all segments of the post graduate HRM student population in the institution. Before using the questionnaire survey, the researcher needs to look at other problems which are likely to occur as he carries out his work. He needs to use effective data gathering, editing and evaluation processes to ensure the quality of his work remains high. In addition, the questionnaire design should check on responses that are either unclear or misleading. This problem can be eliminated through using appropriate and easy to understand language in the questionnaire (Mohrman, Gibson Mohrman 2001, p. 365). Therefore, it is important for the researcher to engage with HRM students he has chosen to participate in the study to find out their language skills and levels of exposure. This will help him t o compile suitable questions for them to respond to. As a result, sampled respondents will be in a better position to answer different questions they are asked properly. This will ensure research findings and conclusions reached are valid and reliable. The time in which the survey is going to be conducted has a direct consequence on the results attained from the study. It is important for the researcher to come up an effective work schedule that outlines when specific tasks are going to be performed during the study. The most appropriate survey will be a cross sectional survey which will relate why the students chose to study HRM and how this influences their future career ambitions (Mohrman, Gibson Mohrman 2001, p. 367). As a result, the research study will be able to address different factors being studied within a short period of time. More importantly, the researcher should also consider other factors such as failure by respondents to give out any information and how this impac ts on the quality of his study. As a result, he will be in a position to evaluate the goals of his research to find out if they conform to his initial expectations. References Cornelissen, JP Thorpe, R 2004, ‘The validity and usefulness of management theories: a review’, Leeds University Business School Working Paper Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-23. Mohrman, SA, Gibson, CB, Mohrman, AM 2001, ‘Doing research that is useful to practice: a model and empirical exploration’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 44, pp. 357-376. Riege, AM 2003, ‘Validity and reliability tests in case study: a literature review with hand on applications for each research phase’, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 75-86. Tsang, EW Williams, JN 2012, ‘Generalization and induction: misconceptions, clarifications, and a classification of induction’, MIS Quarterly, vol. 36 no. 10, pp. 1- 30. Vincent, LH, Bharadwaj, SG Challagalla, GN 2005, Antecedents, consequences, and the mediating role of organizational innovation: empirical generalizations, Singapore Management University, Singapore.

How and Why Does Du Bois Allude to Swift's A Modest Proposal Essay

How and Why Does Du Bois Allude to Swift's A Modest Proposal - Essay Example In his story, A Mild Suggestion, Du Bois alludes Swift’s A Modest Proposal. Having looked at the problems that were caused by the high population characterized by poor people in Ireland, Swift does his calculations and comes up with a proposal for the Ireland society. He says that, â€Å"I propose to provide for them in such a Manner, as, instead of being a Charge upon their Parents, or the Parish, or wanting Food and Raiment for the rest of their Lives; they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the Feeding, and partly to the Clothing, of many Thousands† (Swift 3). Swift states that the problem that affects the society most is overpopulation. In fact, he states that most abortions occur in society because of financial constraints as opposed to moral decadence. He states that poor people give birth to many children whereas they cannot afford to cater for their needs. Through satire, he proposes that poor catholic families of Irish origin should feed and fatten their chi ldren then sell them to wealthy people, the Protestants, who are the land owners. This way they will be able to resolve the predicament of poverty and starving their children. The wealthy Protestants would use those children for their food purposes. This is a satirical story that mocks the poor in the society(Swift 4). W.E.B Du Bois alludes Swift’s A Modest Proposal by writing A Mild Suggestion. ... He emphasizes on his proposal by stating that, "The next morning there would be ten million funerals, and therefore no Negro problem. Think how quietly the thing would be settled!" (Du Bois 19).Therefore, he offers a solution for the white population that would enable them end the problem that has long been existent. The two stories are about class struggles in the society. Both Swift and Du Bois have problems that they think require a solution that will end those problems once and for all. The problem that Swift wants to solve is poverty and starvation caused by irresponsible births brought about by the poor. Dubois wants to solve the problem of racism that exists between the white population and the black population, in the United States of America. Both Swift and Du Bois offer controversial solutions that favor one group and discriminate on another group, in the same society. Du Bois alludes Swift by offering a similar proposal but on a different case. Despite the fact that Du Boi se does not carry out a mathematical analysis, he analyzes the issues surrounding racism between the whites and blacks, in America. After his analysis, he proposes to the white that the best option is to slaughter blacks. Du Bois similarly proposes that slaughtering the people who are the problem, in the society is the best solution. Swift proposes the children to be slaughtered while Du Bois proposes the blacks to be slaughtered (Du Bois 50). Du Bois also alludes Swift by offering a solution to the problem that affects the people who are powerful or the high class in the society. In swift’s case, the powerful are the wealthy Protestants. They will not be affected because their children will not be slaughtered. In Du Bois case, the powerful are the whites who claim

Student Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Student Interview - Essay Example The class was interestng even if it involves math heavily. Perhaps it is because the examples that were used by the professor was about everyday life like how much your $1,000 will be worth after 5 years. The approach and method of teaching was also clear because I was able to understand it even if I did not belong in that class. With the professor’s approach in teaching, I think anyone will be able to get it for as long as they have taken their algebra. The way I see it, the class requires minimal reading but instead requires a lot of analysis and critical thinking. In my opinion, a student can even pass the class without reading for as long as he or she pays attention to the lecture of the teacher. It involves understanding of the problem and problem solving exercises for the student to get a hang of it. I asked my friend what he think of the class and his other class at Taylor as well. He replied that class was pretty easy because the lecture was clear for as long as a student don’t miss classes. He says that difficulty only arise when a students absents from the class because the next lesson will become greek to him or her. And that is time he or she has to read and I doubt if one can really get the lesson from the book because its not clear there and you cannot ask question. When I asked what he meant by that, he explained that almost all of the lessons were linked together, like the previous lesson a requisite to understand the next lesson. He furhter explained that unlike this class that does not require reading, other classes requires paper works in addition to classroom exercises. I asked him if he was able to manage, he replied in the affirmative. He gave me a â€Å"survival tip† on how to handle the rigor of academic requirement at Taylor so taht I will not have hard time. He told me just to get back at my lesson regularly that way I’m updated.

Role of family in health and disease Essay Example for Free

Role of family in health and disease Essay The good health of an individual primarily increases the longevity of an individual’s life. The sphere of health has increased far beyond the concept of health system of the previous generation, including exercise and well-being. In this context, autonomy means the right of the patient to choose the treatment that he believes is best for him. The intimate knowledge of the family regarding the individual aids the decision making process. When the individual is in poor health, his actions are limited thereby necessitating support from family and friends. Stress When there is a common problem creating stress, the whole family is stuck in a vicious cycle of negativity aggravating health related issues. When there is an increasing demand in the ability to cope, stress becomes a threat to the physical and emotional well-being of the others as well. Stress is a psychological and physiological response to events that cause personal imbalance in life. Prolonged exposure to stress increases the risk to health as stress is cumulative. Anything that forces one to adjust is a stressor. These include a divorce, a child leaving home, a planned pregnancy, a move to a new town, a career change, graduating process, diagnosis of a malignant disease. These events are rare occurrences in a lifetime. Therefore, analyzing further, we conclude that major stressors are the daily hassles and demands made on an individual.[i]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Family and relationships are the most common stressors, though environmental conditions can be strenuous. Arguments, financial conditions, marital disagreements, rebellious teens, or caring for a chronically ill family member or a child with special needs can increase stress levels of all the family members. Some of these situations have an impact on society. Therefore, poverty, financial pressures, racial and sexual discrimination or harassment, unemployment, isolation, and a lack of social support take a toll on the quality of life and become stressful to deal with. Stress Warning Signs and Symptoms[ii] Cognitive Symptoms Emotional Symptoms Memory problems Indecisiveness Inability to concentrate Poor judgment Anxious or racing thoughts Constant worrying Loss of objectivity Fearful anticipation Moodiness Agitation Restlessness Irritability, impatience Inability to relax Sense of loneliness and isolation Depression or general unhappiness Physical Symptoms Behavioral Symptoms Headaches or backaches Muscle tension and stiffness Diarrhea or constipation Nausea, dizziness Insomnia Chest pain, rapid heartbeat Weight gain or loss Skin breakouts (hives, eczema) Eating more or less Sleeping too much or too little Procrastination, neglecting responsibilities Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax Nervous habits (e.g. nail biting,) Overdoing activities (e.g. exercising, shopping) Overreacting to unexpected problems    FAMILY STRESS Family stress is the imbalance between the demands of the family and its ability to cope. The way in which the family perceives the stressor explains the values and previous experiences of the family in meeting the crisis. The family is aided by resources like the external support provided by friends, colleagues and the community. The central mechanism through which the stress is eliminated or managed is â€Å"Coping†. The following elements that we consider are the individual family member, the family system, the community to which the family belongs. Problem Statement: Let us cite an example to prove that stress caused due to families will increase the health risk of all members. The concept of a broken family which is a major factor attributing to chronic stress will be examined in detail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The root cause of poverty and income disparity is undeniably dependant on the presence or absence of the marriage. A married person remains influenced by factors that  Ã‚  Ã‚   inoculate that person against divorce. These include sharing a religious faith, getting married over the age of 25 and completing education. All of these factors lead to greater economic prosperity and remain a basis for good health. Broken families experience lower levels of educational achievement and therefore earn less. They pass on the prospect of meager incomes and family instability to the next generation. Broken families arise from divorce, cohabitation, out of Wedlock childbirth. Divorce The Monthly Vital Statistics report from the National centre for health statistics has stated that the growth in the number of children born into broken families in America has risen to 58 for every 100 born in 1992 from 12 for every 100 born in 1950.[iii] It directly reduces the prosperity of the family. It determines the length of the poverty spell and is the greatest threat to women from the lower income families. It reduces the likelihood of asset formation. â€Å"For a nuclear family, the family income averaged at $43,600, and when these same children lived with single parents, their family income is reduced to an average income of $25,300.[iv] It increases a mother’s financial responsibility. Divorce and additional work hours affect her network of support for parenting. These chronic stresses lead to physical and mental illness, addictions, even leading to suicide in some cases. There is a reduction in the educational accomplishments of the affected children.   Therefore, their probable prosperity level remains unachieved. There is a rise in the chance of a teenage pregnancy. The family and social stress weakens their psychological and physical health, and predisposes them to rapid initiation of sexual relationships and higher levels of marital instability. It raises the probability in boys never to marry.[v]. For the father, factors like increased financial responsibility, greater chances of cohabiting, decreasing parental influence, and addictions, decrease their performance at work. The relationship and work related stresses could trigger major health problems. Cohabitation These couples express uncertainty about their marriage together and are probable to divorce at a rate higher mainly due to their inability to commit. The present generation exhibit that sex, living arrangements and parenting depend less on marriage. 40% of the cohabiting couples have children, and 12% have had a biological child during cohabitation.[vi] 80 % of children who have lived with cohabiting parents will spend some of their childhood in a single-parent home.[vii] Cohabiting marks future weakness in the income gained by a nuclear family, tending to aggravate the social and economic stresses caused to the children. There is a growing acceptance of illicit relationships and premarital sex amongst children of the adolescence stage. This leads to increase in teenage pregnancy. The stress caused by the family coupled with stresses created by the society make it difficult for the children to cope with. They increase anxiety and temper related issues and mental stress. They tend to experience behavioral problems. Living together creates an imbalance in the emotional and financial security of an individual. These chronic stresses affect the health of the individual. Out-of-Wedlock   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This situation derails progress towards achieving a stable family structure and good health. Most teenage mothers remain single parents[viii]. Their children spend more time in poverty and appalling living conditions in comparison to children from any other family structure. They manifest behavioral problems like anxiety, depression, require psychiatric care, and have tendencies to commit suicide. They are likely to exhibit antisocial behavior. Their risk factors multiply with a downward spiral in health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The probability of low-birth weight and low neo-natal health index scores is the highest in births arising out-of-wedlock. The mother’s exhibit increased maternal depression levels. Children from broken families are likely to abuse themselves and therefore harm their well-being. The immune system of these children functions at a rapid rate under chronic stress, thereby rendering them to infectious diseases. WAYS TO PREVENT FAMILY STRESS In stressful circumstances, nutritious meals, exercises, building self-resilience, relaxation techniques and sleep, thinking optimistically, use of social support networks, professional psychotherapy, and sharing the stress maintain health. â€Å"The Holmes- Rahe Life Stress Inventory† is a scale that rates social adjustment and the susceptibility to a breakdown caused by stress.[ix]. Ways to prevent stress are:[x] Learn key concepts about personalities, families, communication, make wise child conception or adoption choices Apply this knowledge in daily life. One can increase nurturance levels in family by effective problem solving, clarity in thinking, listing communication strengths, and removing blocks for unconscious toxic habits Understand personal and family policies on feeling and expressing grief or anger, upgrade appropriate personal values and attitudes, keep the family members informed and evolve pro-grief policies Understand if there are others in the family who are grieving their losses. Then, it is equally important to share and discuss healthy grieving and to use a qualified therapist to heal the wounds. Conclusion Genetic variations and experiences of a lifetime increase sensitivity to stress. Chronic stress damages cardiovascular system and immune system suppression. It compromises the ability to fight disease and affects mental health. Medical conditions that are caused by stress include Chronic pain, migraines, ulcers, high blood pressure, anxiety, depression Heart disease, diabetes, asthma, pms, obesity Infertility, autoimmune diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, skin problems Children from broken families are prone to anxiety and depression related health problems and emotional disorders. There is a decrease in economic prosperity and educational achievements The negative impact caused by stress can be reduced by increasing commitment within family members, use of social support networks and self-improvement. Children from stable families achieve higher levels in education, prosper well, make committed and strong relationships, further, and establish a high nurtured environment for their children unlike children from broken families. [i] Mc Cubbin IH, Patterson MJ.The Family Stress Process The double ABCX model of adjustment and adaption. Marriage and Family review.1983.6(1-2):37-7. [ii] Jaffe E, Smith M, Larson H, Segal J. Understanding stress [online] 2007 [cited 2008 June 25]. Available from:URL: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.html [iii] The federal statistics system is unable to provide accurate data on the number of children from broken families as the National Center for Health Statistics and the Bureau of the Census does not collect the complete data on divorce now.1992. [iv] Corcoran   E M, Chaudry A. The Dynamics of Childhood Poverty .In : Future of Children.1997. Vol. 7, No. 2 ,pp. 40-54, quoting from G. J. Duncan et al., unpublished research paper, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1994.Lone-Parent Families in the United States, In: Dynamics, Economic Status, and Developmental Consequences. [v] Bumpass LL, Martin CT, Sweet AJ. The Impact of Family Background and Early Marital Factors on Marital Disruption,In:   Journal of Family Issues.1991. Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 22-42. [vi] Bumpass et al., The Role of Cohabitation in Declining Rates of Marriage, In: Journal of Family Issues.1991.Vol 12, No.1, pp.22-42. [vii] Bumpass et al., The Impact of Family Background. [viii] Hotz VJ, McElroy SW, Sanders SG. The Impacts of Teenage Childbearing on the Mothers and the Consequences of those Impacts for Government, In: Maynard RA, editors, Urban Institute Press, Washington DC. Economic costs and social costs of teenage pregnancy, In: Kids having kids. 1997. pp-55-94. [ix] The Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory [Document on the internet]. [cited: 2008 Jun 25]. Available from: http://www.bhicares.org/pdf/manual/indepthassessment/homesrahestressinventory.pdf [x] Gerlach KP, Three ways to prevent family stress and divorce, In: High Nurturance Family Relationships. 2008. [Cited,2008 Jun 25]. Available from: http://sfhelp.org/prevent/intro.htm